Chromium, chinthu mankhwala: kufotokoza, katundu, ndi mapangidwe a chilinganizo

Chromium - mankhwala amafotokozera ndi chiwerengero atomiki 24. Izi zolimba, chonyezimira, otuwa zitsulo umene uli bwino opukutidwa, ndipo alibe kudetsa. Ntchito kasakaniza wazitsulo monga zosapanga dzimbiri, ndipo monga ❖ kuyanika ndi. thupi amafuna pang'ono trivalent chromium kwa kagayidwe shuga koma Kr (VI) kwambiri poizoni.

Various chromium mankhwala monga okusayidi chromium (III) ndi chromate patsogolo, ndi kuwala akuda ndi ntchito utoto ndi inki. Ruby mtundu wofiira chifukwa kukhalapo elementi mankhwala. Ena zinthu, makamaka dichromate potaziyamu ndi oxidants ndi sodium ntchito kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mankhwala organic, ndipo (ndi asidi sulfuric) kukonza glassware. Komanso, chromium okusayidi (VI) ntchito kupanga tepi ya maginito.

Apeza ndi etymology

Mbiri ya anapeza chinthu mankhwala ndi chromium. Mu 1761, Johann Gottlob Lehmann opezeka mapiri Ural lalanje-wofiira mchere, ndipo akutchedwa kuti "Siberia wofiira patsogolo." Ngakhale wakhala molakwika kudziwika monga pawiri kutsogolera ndi selenium ndi chitsulo, nkhani kwenikweni kutsogolera chromate mankhwala chilinganizo PbCrO _4. Lero amatchedwa krokont mchere.

Mu 1770, Peter Simon Sitimayo inagunda anafika pamalo Lehman anapeza wofiira kutsogolera mchere kuti anali katundu kwambiri a pigment mu utoto. Ntchito Siberia wofiira motsogoleredwa ndi penti ndi wabweza chitukuko mofulumira. Komanso, yowala chikasu krokonta anakhala yapamwamba.

Mu 1797, Nicolas-Lui Voklen analandira zitsanzo za miyala wofiira patsogolo. Krokonta ndi kuwasakaniza ndi acid amathiridwa anali CrO ₃ okusayidi. Chromium zimabweretsa mankhwala anali olekanitsidwa mu 1798. Vauquelin alitenga ndi Kutentha ndi okusayidi ndi makala. Iye anali komweko akhoza kudziwa kuda chromium mu miyala yamtengo wapatali monga rube ndi emarodi.

Mu 1800s ndi Kr zimagwiritsa ntchito mu utoto ndi zikopa salt. Today 85% wa zitsulo ntchito kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi. Enawo ntchito makampani mankhwala, ndi kupanga refractories ndi makampani foundry.

Katchulidwe chromium mankhwala mchitidwe limafanana ndi χρῶμα Greek, kutanthauza "mtundu", chifukwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mankhwala achikuda amene angathe kukonzekera therefrom.

Migodi komanso mafakitale

Mchitidwe amapangidwa kuchokera chromite (FeCr ₂ O _4). Pafupifupi theka la miyala iyi ncho ku South Africa. Komanso, Kazakhstan, India ndi Turkey ndi opanga yaikulu. Kufukulidwa miyala ya chromite zokwanira, koma mwachirengedwe anaikira mu Kazakhstan ndi kummwera kwa Africa.

The miyala ya zitsulo mbadwa chromium n'zochepa, koma alipo. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa amapangidwa pa wanga "Wopambana" mu Russia. Ndi kimberlite chitoliro wolemera mu diamondi, ndi chilengedwe kuchepetsa anathandiza mtundu wa chromium koyera ndi diamondi.

Pakuti mafakitale zitsulo chromite miyala amaliona ndi chifaniziro chopangidwa ndi chitsulo soda (sodium wochuluka hydroxide, NaOH). Izi ndipamene ndi sodium chromate (Na ₂ CrO _4), zomwe yafupika ndi mpweya kuti Kr ₂ O ₃ okusayidi. okusayidi zitsulo ndi akamagwira Kutentha pamaso pa zotayidwa kapena pakachitsulo.

tonnes pafupifupi mamiliyoni 15 miyala chromite zinalembedwa mu chaka cha 2000, amene anali kukonzedwa mu tonnes 4 miliyoni a ferrochrome, 70% tichipeza aloyi chromium zitsulo, pafupifupi msika phindu anali $ 2.5 Bln.

Features Ofunika

Khalidwe mankhwala mchitidwe chromium ndi chifukwa chakuti ndi kusintha zitsulo za nthawi chachinayi cha tebulo zodziwitsa ndi ili pakati vanadium ndi manganese. Zina mwa gulu VI. Lingasungunuke pa 1907 ° C. Mu kukhalapo kwa mpweya chrome mofulumira ndipamene wosanjikiza zonyalazo okusayidi amateteza zitsulo anachita nanu oxygen.

Zimabweretsa Transitional, umakaphatikizana ndi zinthu mu magawanidwe osiyana. Choncho ndipamene mankhwala ndi osiyana mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Chromium - mankhwala amafotokozera ndi limati kiyi +2, +3 ndi +6, umene 3 ndi khola kwambiri. Komanso, nthawi zina, pali boma la 1, +4 ndi +5. chromium mankhwala mu boma makutidwe ndi okosijeni +6 ndi oxidizers amphamvu.

Kodi mtundu ndi chrome? Chemical mchitidwe amapereka anodized zotayidwa rube hue. Kr ₂ O ₃ ntchito zitsulo kupukuta, nawonso ntchito ngati pigment lotchedwa "chrome amadyera". mchere wake papezeka magalasi emarodi wobiriwira. Chromium - chinthu mankhwala amene kukhalapo zimapangitsa rube yofiira. Choncho ntchito yopanga zamtengo wapatali kupanga.

isotopes

Isotopes ndi chromium atomiki kulemera kwa 43 kuti 67. Childs, yogwira mankhwala mchitidwe imakhala njira zitatu khola: ⁵² Kr, ⁵³ Kr ndi ⁵⁴ Kr. Awa, ambiri ⁵² Kr (83,8% ya chromium zonse zachilengedwe). Komanso, radioisotopes anafotokoza 19, amene khola kwambiri ndi ⁵⁰ Kr ndi theka moyo woposa 1,8x10 ¹⁷ zaka. Mu ⁵¹ Kr theka moyo - masiku 27,7, ndi m'zonse isotopes ena nyukiliya si upambana maola 24, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo kumatenga mphindi zochepa kuposa wina. Amafotokozera alinso awiri pambuyo.

isotopes Chromium mu kutumphuka dziko lapansi, kuchita zambiri isotope ya manganese, amene ntchito nthaka. ⁵³ Kr popangidwa ndi oipa nyukiliya wa ⁵³ MN. The chiŵerengero cha MN / Kr isotope kwalimbitsa zina za mbiri oyambirira a dongosolo la zowalitsa. Kusintha kufanana ⁵³ Kr / ⁵² Kr ndi MN / Kr wa meteorites zosiyana izi zikutsimikizira kuti mtima watsopano anakhazikitsako asanalankhule mapangidwe dongosolo la zowalitsa.

Chemical mchitidwe chromium: katundu, mankhwala a chilinganizo

Chromium okusayidi (III) Kr ₂ O _3, amatchedwanso sesquioxide, ndi wina wa okusayidi anayi elementi mankhwala. Iwo kuwapeza chromite. Pawiri wobiriwira zambiri amatchedwa "chrome wobiriwira," pamene ntchito ngati pigment kwa kupenta pa enamel ndi galasi. The okusayidi akhoza zidzasungunuka mu zidulo kupanga mchere, ndi soda osungunula - chromites.

dichromate potaziyamu

K ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ Ichitu oxidizing wothandizila ndipo adalipo ngati njira kukonza glassware kwa organics. Chifukwa chaichi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira zimalimbikitsa wa moyikirapo sulfuric asidi. Nthawi zina, komabe ayamba dichromate sodium, zochokera solubility apamwamba otsiriza. Ndiponso, mukhoza zonse ndondomeko ya makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mankhwala organic ndi akatembenuka ndi mowa yaikulu aldehyde ndipo ndiye kuti mpweya.

potaziyamu dichromate chromium zingachititse dermatitis. Chrome mwina chifukwa cha zina zikubweretsa dermatitis chitukuko, makamaka manja ndi mkono wonse wakumanja, amene ali aakulu ndi kovuta kuti awachiritse. Ngati mankhwala ena a Kr (VI), potaziyamu dichromate carcinogenic. Ayenera kugwiridwa ndi magolovesi ndi chitetezo yoyenera.

asidi chromic

Wonenedwa pawiri ali kapangidwe H ₂ CrO _4. Ngakhale Chrome kapena dichromate acidic zimachokeradi mu chilengedwe, koma anions awo amapezeka osiyanasiyana zipangizo. "Chromic asidi" amene angapezeke pa malonda, kwenikweni ndi asidi anhydride - trioxide CrO _3.

Kukuthandiza chromate (II)

PbCrO ₄ ali ndi yowala mtundu wachikasu ndi pafupifupi insoluble m'madzi. Pachifukwa ichi, wapeza ntchito monga ochekenera pigment amatchedwa "akorona chikasu."

Kr ndi pentavalent Us

Chrome ndi kusiyana ndi mphamvu yake kupanga pentavalent kugwirizana. Pawiri amalenga Kr (I) ndi hydrocarbon kwakukulu. Pentavalent chomangira unali pakati pa maatomu chromium. chilinganizo ake akhoza kulembedwa ngati Ari-Kr-Kr-Ari, mmene Ari akuimira yeniyeni onunkhira gulu.

ntchito

Chromium - mankhwala mchitidwe amene katundu anapereka ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ena amene ali pansipa.

Zitsulo izo amapereka kukana kuti dzimbiri ndipo pamwamba glossy. Choncho, gawo la kasakaniza wazitsulo chrome monga zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo, ntchito Mwachitsanzo mu mafoloko ndi mipeni ndi. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito chrome ❖ kuyanika.

Chromium ndi chothandizira kwa zochita zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa zimachititsa amatha kuumba kwa mfuti njerwa. salt ake loderako khungu. potaziyamu bichromate ntchito kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mankhwala organic monga alcohols ndi aldehydes, komanso kukonza glassware. Ali ngati wothandizira chikukonzekera kuti ankaudaya nsalu, ndipo ntchito kujambula ndi kusindikizidwa.

CrO ₃ ntchito yopanga matepi maginito (mwachitsanzo, umboni) kuti ndi makhalidwe abwino kuposa mafilimu ndi chitsulo okusayidi.

Udindo mu zamoyo

Trivalent chromium - zinthu mankhwala wofunikila kagayidwe a shuga anthu. Mosiyana, hexavalent Kr ndi poizoni kwambiri.

kusamala

Zachitsulo chromium pawiri Kr (III), zambiri suona kuti woopsawo thanzi, koma zipangizo munali Kr (VI), angakhale oopsa ngati ingested kapena Mpweya. Kwambiri zinthu zina ndi mtima m'maso, khungu ndipo zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana mucous. Ndi kukhudzana anapitiriza mankhwala chromium (VI) zikhoza kuwonongeka kwa diso ngati si ankachitira bwino. Komanso, anazindikira carcinogen. A mlingo woopsa wa zinthu mankhwala - za theka la supuni ya tiyi. Malinga ndi malangizo a World Health Organization, pazipita chovomerezeka ndende ya Kr (VI) mu madzi akumwa ndi 0,05 mg wa pa lita.

Popeza mankhwala chromium ntchito utoto ndi khungu chikopa, nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu nthaka ndi pansi anasiya maofesi mafakitale amene amafuna zotsuka zachilengedwe ndi kusintha. Phunziroli munali Kr (VI), akadali ankagwiritsa ntchito mu makampani Azamlengalenga ndi makampani magalimoto.

katundu amafotokozera

Mfundo zikuluzikulu thupi katundu wa chromium ali motere:

• The atomiki nambala 24.
• Atomiki kulemera: 51,996.
• Limatsogolera mfundo: 1890 ° C.
• Otentha mfundo: 2482 ° C.
• The makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma la +2, +3, +6.
• Elekitironi kasinthidwe: [Ari] 3D ⁵ 4S ^1.