Covalent chomangira

Kwa nthawi yoyamba mfundo monga akatswiri covalent chomangira analankhula pambuyo kutsegula kwa Gilbert Newton Lewis, amene anafotokoza chomangira ngati socialization wa ma elekitironi awiri. More maphunziro posachedwapa ananena covalent chomangira mfundo. mawu ena anganene kuti covalent umagwirira monga luso gawo atomu kupanga kumangidwa ndi maatomu ena.

Pano pali chitsanzo:

Pali maatomu awiri kusiyana zazing'ono electronegativity (C ndi CL, C ndi H). Childs, izi maatomu, dongosolo la chipolopolo elekitironi amene ali amapanga pafupi zotheka kwa elekitironi chigoba cha mpweya wa inert.

Pamene zinthu izi zimachitika kukopa mtima maatomu awa awiri elekitironi, ambiri iwo. Mu nkhani iyi, elekitironi mitambo sitimangotseka zimalowana, monga kogwirizana amaayoni. Covalent chomangira amapereka kugwirizana mosungika maatomu awiri ndi chakuti elekitironi kachulukidwe ndi adagawanso ndi mphamvu ya dongosolo lisinthike, amene amayamba chifukwa cha 'Anabweza "danga internuclear chimodzi elekitironi mtambo wa atomu wina. The ochulukirapo mwagwirizana kulowererana kwa mitambo elekitironi, kugwirizana imatengedwa kukhala cholimba.

Choncho, covalent chomangira - maphunziro, amene anauka mwa socialization tonse ma elekitironi ziwiri za thupi maatomu awiri.

Monga ulamuliro, zinthu ndi latisi maselo aumbike mwa covalent muzikondana. Khalidwe dongosolo maselo ndi kusungunuka ndi otentha pa otsika kutentha, madzi osauka solubility ndi otsika madutsidwe magetsi. Choncho tinganene kuti dongosolo chifukwa cha zinthu monga germanium, pakachitsulo, chlorine, wa hydrogen, - ndi covalent muzikondana.

Katundu amene lililonse kwa mtundu uwu pawiri:

1. Machulukitsidwe. Mu malo awa zambiri kuwamva monga nambala pazipita kugwirizana kuti iwo akhoza kukhazikitsa ma atomu yeniyeni. Amaonekera kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha orbitals anthu maatomu omwe angatengere mbali mu mapangidwe kumangidwa mankhwala. The valency la atomu, pa amatha titsimikize ndi nambala ya kale ntchito orbitals cholinga.
2. Lathu. maatomu onse amakonda kupanga amphamvu kwambiri muzikondana. Zolemba malire mphamvu zimatheka zinachitikira mwangozi ya lathu okhudza malo a elekitironi mitambo ya ma atomu aŵiri, monga iwo alipo wina ndi mnzake. Komanso, ndi covalent chomangira katundu monga lathu umakhudza dongosolo okhudza malo a mamolekyulu wa organic nkhani, kuti ndi udindo "mawonekedwe geometrical" awo.
3. Polarizability. Mu malo molingana ndi mfundo yakuti pali covalent Mgwirizano wa mitundu iwiri:

• kumalo ozizira kapena osakhala symmetrical. Kulankhulana kwa mtundu umenewu akhoza kupanga maatomu okha a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, i.e. amene electronegativity zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri, kapena nthawi imene onse awiri elekitironi asymmetrically wogawanika.
• nonpolar covalent chomangira kumachitika pakati pa maatomu mpweya, ndi electronegativity amene ali pafupifupi wofanana, ndi elekitironi kachulukidwe yogawa anali yunifolomu.

Komanso pali makhalidwe kachulukidwe wa covalent chomangira:

• The mphamvu kumanga. chizindikiro ichi amadziwika ubale kumalo ozizira mwa mawu a mphamvu yake. Mu mphamvu amatanthauza kuchuluka kwa kutentha zofunika kuswa kugwirizana maatomu awiri, komanso kuchuluka kwa kutentha wakhala allocated pa mphambano zawo.
• Pansi amayesetsa ubale ndi umagwirira maselo amatanthauza kutalika kwa mzere pakati mtima wa maatomu awiri. chizindikiro ichi amadziwika mgwirizano mphamvu komanso.
• The dipole mphindi - wambiri amene amadziwika ndi polarity wa valence muzikondana.