Dialect mawu - ndi chiyani? Ndi mawu ati omwe amatchedwa chilankhulo?

Aliyense amene amalankhula Russian akhoza kuzindikira mosavuta mawu monga "kulankhula", "kudya", "blizzard", ndipo sangathe kuwafotokozera, komanso kuwagwiritsa ntchito moyenera. Ndi mawu awa omwe amatchedwa chikhalidwe, kapena mawu a dziko. Koma siyense amene angakhoze kufotokoza zomwe "nyambo", "brahmo", "vyalitsa", ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa mawu oterowo. Komabe, kulankhula kosawerengeka kotereku, anthu ambiri samagwiritsa ntchito.

Dialect mawu: tanthauzo

Ndizodziwika bwino, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku ndi m'mabuku a anthu mosasamala malo awo okhala ndi ntchito, mawuwo amapanga maziko a chinenero cha Chirasha, komabe mawu otsalawo si a dziko - amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha m'magawo ena. Izi zikuphatikizapo slang, mawu apadera ndi dialect . Mu Chirasha iwo amatchedwanso lexicon ya ntchito yochepa. Mawu oterewa ogawanika m'magulu, omwe ali ndi chizindikiro chake.

Magulu amodzi

Ambiri mwa anthu, ogwira mawu osatchuka, ali ndi magulu ambirimbiri omwe amwazikana m'madera onse a dzikoli komanso kutali. Mmodzi wa iwo ali ndi mawu ake pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo aliyense amagawidwa molingana ndi mbali inayake: ntchito, malo okhala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kotero ndi mawu ati otchedwa chilankhulo? Ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudera linalake. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera a Pskov pali chinthu monga Severik, pa Baikal chodabwitsa chomwecho chimatchedwa Barguzin, ndi Danube - ndi Belozero. Mndandanda wa zilembo za mawu awa ndi mphepo.

Mawu a chilankhulo ndi gawo la gululo pa malo, ndipo mawu okhudzana ndi ntchito ya munthuyo ndi gulu la akatswiri. Koma kuyankhula kwa slang kumatanthawuza za zigawo zina za anthu.

Kumene kuli mawu a dialect

M'madera onsewa muli mawu enieni omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudera lino. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, kum'mwera kwa dziko mungapeze mawu osangalatsa awa: mabwalo, omwe amatanthauza zitsamba; Izo zimagwirizana ndi mawu padziko lapansi. Kumidzi ya kumpoto, mungapeze zitsanzo zosangalatsa za kulankhula kwachinenero: teplina, kutanthauza moto wamoto; Lava - mlatho ndi tchire.

Chiwerengero cha mawu olankhula chinenero

Mu bukhu la zolemba-bukhu wina akhoza kupeza zomwe zimatchedwa zilankhulidwe - mawu, omwe ali olankhula mwachilendo, koma ali ndi zochokera zawo, zilembo zamagalama ndi zowonjezera komanso amatanthauzira chinenero chimodzi. Miyandamiyanda imagawidwa m'magulu anayi:

• Miyambo ya Semantic ndi gulu la mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chinenero china mwachindunji. Mwachitsanzo: mtambo - mvula yamkuntho, dongosolo - nkhalango, yopanda pake - mwadzidzidzi.
• Mauthenga a Ethnographic amatchedwa chinthu kapena chodabwitsa kwa anthu ena komanso osadziwika kwina. Monga lamulo, mawu oterewa alibe mawu ofanana ndi omwe amalankhula, ndipo akhoza kufotokozedwa mwachidule. Mwachitsanzo: plakhta - msuti wopangidwa ndi nsalu, duleika - jekete yamkati, tankhuni - phula lopangidwa ndi ufa watsopano.
• Mafotokozedwe a zachiporose ndi mawu osasinthika omwe ali ndi tanthawuzo lenileni kokha kudera linalake. Mwachitsanzo: kuti ukhale wotopetsa - kuti ukhale wolemala, wouma - momwe mungakhalire mchere, chinachake cholemera ndi chovuta - imfa popanda imfa.

Kodi mawu achilankhulo ali kuti?

Zitsanzo za kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oterewa sitingapeze kokha kukambirana, komanso m'mabuku olembedwa. Ngakhale, ngakhale, funso limayambira momwe, komanso chofunikira kwambiri, mawu oterewa angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zamakono. Ndilo mutu wa ntchito ndi zolinga zomwe mlembi amalemba zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mawu omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa izi. Zambiri zingathe kuwerengedwera pano: zolinga zamakono, luso, ndi chinthu chofotokozedwa mwachilengedwe. Pambuyo pake, nthawi zina, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu okhaokha, n'zosatheka kufotokoza mitundu yonse ndi maonekedwe. Mwachitsanzo, Leo Tolstoy nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu a chilankhulidwe chofotokozera anthu omwe ali m'magulu ake. Zitsanzo za momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito m'mabuku angapezekanso mu IS Turgenev: anawagwiritsira ntchito monga inclusions ndi zolemba, zomwe zikudziwikiratu momveka bwino m'malemba akuluakulu. Ndipo zochitika zoterezi zomwe zikulembedwa zikufotokoza zomwe zimatanthawuza, koma popanda izo zolemba sizikhala ndi kuwala koteroko.

Kusasamala m'nthawi yathu ino

Tsopano olemba mu ntchito zokhudzana ndi midzi amagwiritsanso ntchito mawu, koma nthawi zambiri samasonyeza kufunikira kwake, ngakhale atakhala mawu ochepa. Komanso, mawu omwewo angapezedwe m'nkhani za m'nyuzipepala, momwe chikhalidwe chimadziŵika, njira yake yolankhulira ndi zikhalidwe za moyo wake, zotsimikiziridwa ndi malo omwe amakhalamo. Popeza kuti zofalitsa za nyuzipepala zimayenera kunyamula zokhazokha zokhazokha, kugwiritsa ntchito zilankhulo ziyenera kukhala zolondola. Mwachitsanzo: "Sindinapite pachabe Vasily pang'ono ndi anthu omwe analipo." Ndiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti mawu awa onse ayenera kufotokozedwa kwa owerenga, popeza palibe munthu, powerenga bukuli, alibe dikishonale ya mawu omwe ali pafupi.

Kusakayikira monga gawo la mawu a Chirasha

Ngati tilankhula zamasanthawuzidwe, kutchulidwa koyamba kwa zilankhulo kungapezeke mu "Dictionary ya Chilankhulo chachikulu cha Russian" ndi V. I. Dal. M'masamba awa, mungapeze nkhani 150 zomwe zimaperekedwa pa mutuwu. Masiku ano, chidwi chimaperekanso kuphunziro la zilankhulo, monga iwo, pamodzi ndi zida zamakono, zamoyo zapamwamba, mawu okongoletsedwa ndi magulu ofotokoza mawu, amapanga gawo lalikulu la mawu a Chirasha amphamvu. Ndipo ngakhale ambiri a iwo samagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zamakono ndi zolembedwa tsiku ndi tsiku , koma amakhala ngati gawo lopanda kanthu, popanda iwo sakanakhoza kumveketsa mawu omveka kapena kufotokoza kokongola kwa chinthu chirichonse kapena khalidwe. Ndicho chifukwa chake olemba akulu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zilankhulidwe zawo popereka malembawo kuwala. Kubwerera ku lexicon, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti pakuphunzira mawu a chinenero pali sayansi yonse yotchedwa dialectology.

Chidziwitso cha chilankhulochi chimaphunzitsa foni, grammatical, zida zamakono za chilankhulo cha chinenero chomwe chimakhazikika. Komanso, chidwi chenicheni chimaperekedwa ku kuwerenga kwa zilankhulo zongopeka. Linguistics imagawana kumvetsetsa kwa mawu otere:

• Njira yowonjezera, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuphatikizapo zilankhulo zoyankhulirana zofala muzoyankhula;
• Njira yochepetsetsa, pamene mawu onse osasunthika ndi mawu amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zojambulajambula ndi zofalitsa.

Kusinkhasinkha

Pogwiritsa ntchito chilankhulidwe cha Chirasha, mumamvetsa momwe mawu akuti "wamkulu ndi amphamvu" amatanthauzira. Ndipotu, mawu achilankhulo ndi machitidwe awo ndi mapangidwe awo ndi mbali yochepa chabe ya dongosolo lalikulu lomwe sayansi yawo inalengedwa. Ndipo chigamulo cha mawu omwewa sizowonjezereka, chimadzazidwa ndi kusinthidwa. Ndipo izi sizikudetsa nkhawa zokhazokha, chifukwa chiwerengero cha mawu omwe amavomerezedwa ndi ogwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri amakhalanso akuwonjezeka, omwe amatsindika kokha mphamvu ya Chirasha.