Don (mtsinje). The chidwi kwambiri za umodzi wa mitsinje ambiri otchuka a ku Ulaya

Don ndi chimodzi mwa madzi lalikulu kum'mwera Russian kumveka. Poyambapo anatumikira ndipo akupitiriza kutumikira kwa lero chinkatilimbikitsa anthu ambiri kulenga malingaliro: .. ojambula, olemba ndakatulo, olemba, etc. gwero la Don Mtsinje, zimachokera ku dera Tula. Ndiponso, iri yofulumira mafunde ake kudzera Makhachkala, Voronezh, Volgograd ndi Rostov zigawo. Kukhala ndithu yaitali, ndi kumulowetsa msewu, ndi Don Mtsinje amalowa Gulf wa Taganrog, kuwonjezera madzi ake Nyanja ya Azov.

Maonekedwe a thupi madzi

Don - mtsinjewo lililonse lowland waterway mu zone ya steppe. m'litali ndi 1870 Km, ndi malo beseni - 422.000 makilomita lalikulu. Wapakati kumwa madzi m'mikhalidwe zachilengedwe - 900 kiyubiki mamita pa mphindi. peresenti makumi asanu otaya kumachitika nthawi chigumula. Amaundana-mu umalandira kumtunda kwa mtsinje kumayambira November zimatha mpaka m'ma April, ndi malire m'munsi - kuyambira December mochedwa March. The hydrological boma la mtsinje kakusintha kusintha kwambiri ntchito yomanga hayidiroliki ndi zinthu zina zachuma wa munthu masiku ano. Apa anamangidwira Nicholas, Constantine ndi Kochetovskaya, komanso mwachilungamo lalikulu Tsimlyansk posungira. Kutumiza akuyamba pa m'kamwa mwa Pine, m'litali ndi 1600 Km. Mu malire chapamwamba ya Don kwa inflow wa madzi Voronezh woyera, kuipitsa m'munsi ndi zina zonyansa kwambiri. Kudzera mtsinje wamkuluyu akuthamanga alendo njira otchuka - kuchokera Moscow ku Rostov pa-Don.

M'matauni ndi makhwawa

Mu 5200 Dong umayenda makhwawa zambiri, anthu waukulu kukhala Donets, Black Kalitva, Pine, Voronezh, Bityug, Nyamuliranani, Ilovlya, West Manych, Hopper ndi Sal. Pa magombe a mtsinje lagona kwambiri za mizinda ndi midzi. Yaikulu ya iwo - Kalach pa-Don, Rostov-na-Donu, Volgodonsk, Azov, Liski ndi ena. Chifukwa mkulu anthu, makampani ndi ulimi, madzi wambiri mu mtsinje mwa oyambirira 90 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo anali oposa 15 Km ³ / chaka, ntchito madzi - 10 makilomita kiyubiki, amene 5,8 Km ³ ntchito pa zofuna kupanga 2, 4 makilomita kiyubiki - ulimi wothirira. Komabe, ndi mapeto a 90s chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma (yafupika kupanga ndi chiwonongeko cha ulimi), ntchito madzi anatsika ndi pafupifupi theka.

"Chakudya Chathu Wopambana, Atate Don I."

Awa ndi mawu a nyimbo yakale ya Don Cossacks, amene anasamukira ku malire kunsi kwa mtsinje. Amene achipongwe yekha sanalengedwe mwakuti Don anthu okhala padziko m'mphepete mwake. Izi "yoweyula kukumbukira," ndi "mtsinje wa nthawi," ndipo "chinkatilimbikitsa" ndi "mtsinje chete Don, ndi ena ambiri. Chifukwa cha mfundo zonsezi nthaŵi zonse madzi, ndi kasupe mtundu. Si makolo mwangozi kuika pa chiyambi cha otchuka mitsinje yopemphereramo. Choncho fontanelle yaing'ono, limene limayamba ndi madzi aliwonse, anakhala malo oyera. Kuti Novomoskovsk, kumene Don ali chiyambi chake mu 1989 kunali chipilala kuti madzi thupi lalikulu la dziko lathu - ". Gwero la mtsinje Don ndi" Ndi chosema - awiri maliseche anyamata pa mahatchi. Zimaimira abale awiri, mitsinje awiri - ndi Don ndi Shat akuwuka kwa Ivan Lake.

A kaleidoscope wa anthu

Don - mtsinje, onyamula madzi ake kwa zaka. anthu osiyanasiyana okhala padziko m'mphepete mwake, m'malo mzake, ndipo iye akuthamanga ndi kuthamangira ... Mu mbiri ya olembedwa mayina osiyanasiyana kuti anapatsidwa kwa iye mu nyengo makamaka - ndiwo a Iran, ndi Tanais, ndi ena ambiri. Mu zaka za zana lachitatu BC kwa Don mtsinje gombe, pafupi pa malo pomwe Rostov ano, anadza atsamunda Greek, ndipo anayambitsa njuchi. Ndi dzina lake ndi dzina la thupi madzi - Tanais. Malinga ndi Agiriki akale, mtsinje anagawa Europe ndi Asia. Kumene, si koyenera kuti akamenyane ndi maganizo amenewa chifukwa ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu ndinaganiza asayansi ambiri Russian. Ndipo ngakhale wamkulu Lomonosov M. V. ntchito zake "Pa zigawo za dziko lapansi," analemba kuti Urals sayenera kuonedwa ngati malire pakati pa Asia ndi Ulaya, dera Caucasus chifukwa Don - ndi weniweni chosiyana. Ndipo lero, ngakhale ambiguity amamvekera nkhani imeneyi, ayi, ayi, inde ndi "kutuluka" mfundo imeneyi. Choncho Baibulo ndi Caucasus sanabadwe apita mu mbiri ya mbiri.

Pa tsiku loyamba Zakachikwi AD kulamulira m'chigawo choyamba a ku Huns, ndiye iwo m'malo mwa Khazars. M'zaka za m'ma, m'dera la makono Tsimlyansk mosungiramo inamangidwa linga Sarkel. Iye kumbuyo malire kumpoto cha kumadzulo kwa Khazar Khanate mpaka 1117. Nthawi mwankhanza zingati citadel zakale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma otsiriza, kuda ake sikudali Kwapafupi kuzindikira (tsopano madera awa anasefukira madzi a Tsimlyansk mosungiramo).

XIII - XVI m'ma

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, Don (mtsinje) anapulumuka nkhondo ya Golden gulu, amene anawononga midzi yonse woyendayendawu. Komabe, ngakhale pambuyo zaka zana izo tsopano anayamba malonda watsopano. Lonse mndandanda wa zombo kukopeka mzinda wa Tana, pa nthawi Genoese njuchi (lero Azov) - izo unali likulu la kapolo. Mu nthawi ya ku chakhumi ndi chisanu m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, mu malire m'munsi mwa Don Cossacks ayamba kutuluka. Choncho, mu 1570 analandiracho malo oyamba mwa mabungwe ena ofanana - kuti mkulu. Pa nthawi chasandulika ochuluka kuposa asilikali onse alipo Cossack. Don daredevils anali bwino ndipo anali aakulu kwambiri mphamvu amakakamiza kuti kuwonedwa ndi. Choncho, iwo akhala mutu zonse kwa Romanovs, ndi chilengedwe unabuka mzimu kupanduka, ufulu ndi tanthauzo unakula chilungamo.

XVII- XVIII m'ma

Ndi 1670 pa zaka 1671, Don (mtsinje) akukumana anagalukira Cossack akudzutsa Stepanom Razinym. kugalukira uyu analidi "opusa ndi opanda chifundo" pamodzi ndi wakubayu ndi chiwawa. Komabe, pambuyo popereka Razin pa Bolotnaya Square mu Moscow, Don sindinapeze mtendere wa mumtima. zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi basi pambuyo zinthu zimenezi, panabuka kugalukira latsopano kutsogoleredwa ndi Kondratiem Bulavinym. Iwo anali amayamba ndi kufufuza mphamvu kwa serfs wothawa. Pambuyo yimitsira cha kupanduka kwa Don Cossacks anataya gawo la dziko lawo, ena Cossacks atabwerera kwa Kuban, ndi Danube, ndi ena - mu Romania ndi Turkey. Serfs chabwezedwa kwa eni ake.

The mzaka zana makumi awiri

Mu Soviet Union, mtsinjewo unali umodzi wa madzi yaikulu zomangamanga. zamphamvu wabweza Donbass - dera ili pa magombe a Seversky Donets mtsinje - ndi tributary lamanja la Don. Kuwonjezera analipo kale pano kuyambira m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi migodi ya malasha zinamangidwa zomangamanga ndi zomera zitsulo, chakudya ndi makampani kuwala, zomera ndi mankhwala. A yomanga Tsimlyansk opangira magetsi mphamvu siteshoni ndipo damu inayamba mu 1948.

Kufotokozera mbali yodutsira otchuka mtsinje

Don Kutumiza akuyamba pa Voronezh ndi Nyanja ya Azov. Ndipo mtsinjewu ntchito mwakhama. waterway Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa waukulu mu gawo Loona za dziko, pambuyo zimphona monga Volga ndi Urals. Pakuti Don zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu atatu: chapamwamba, pakati ndi kutsikira. Choncho yoyamba imafalira kuchokera ku gwero kukamwa, ndi kuchuluka kwa Pine Matama. Pafupi ndi tauni ya Kalach pa-Don ndi pafupifupi. Pomaliza, gawo lotsiriza ili pakati pa Tsimlyansk posungira ndi Taganrog Bay. Ambiri, mtsinje umenewu ndi zovuta kuyenda, chifukwa tortuous ndithu njira, motero, ndi ndemanga si wangwiro. Komanso, pali madera osaya. Ndipo mu wotsika Don skippers ndi kupanga amazipotokola mochenjera kwambiri: zida ndi chenjezo nyanga - izi si zokhazo, polakwika kusuntha magudumu, ndipo mungapeze obwera chifukwa cha chotengera chitembenukiro. Ndicho Don Mtsinje. Rostov pa-Don zinagwira kwa ankadziwana dera makilomita lalikulu 340. Mumtsinjewo lagawidwa njira zambiri ndi manja, amene amatchulidwa mu m'deralo - ndi Erik girla pakati pawo kwambiri - Calancea, Topsy-Turvy ndi Akufa Donets. M'nyengo yozizira mtsinjewu yokutidwa ndi nkhungu wosanjikiza ayezi, ambiri amaundana-mmwamba ukhoza kwa miyezi itatu ndi theka. Pa mlingo chigumula madzi limatuluka kwambiri, ngakhale kwa gawo lalikulu gombe ndi phompho, koma palinso malo otsika a m'mbali. Choncho chigumula masika pa Don - chodabwitsa wamba.

History njira

Ganizo kuphatikiza kwambiri awiri madzi njira (Volga ndi Don), ndipo chotero, Azov ndi Nyanja ya Caspian, acezela ndi Turkey Sultan Selim II, amene anayenda m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi mu Astrakhan. Komabe, kuzindikira, iye sakanakhoza. Pambuyo dongosolo lino Peter anagwira moto, koma Wamkulu kumpoto nkhondo amatengeka naye kwa lingaliro. Kenako (mpaka 1917), akatswiri Russian ndakonza njira oposa makumi atatu a zomangamanga, Koma mapulani iwonso sizichitika pa zifukwa zambiri. Ndipo mu masiku a Soviet Union, ntchito yagwiridwira. Mu 1952, pofotokoza nthawi (zaka zinayi), ntchito yomanga yodutsira Volga-Don Ngalande inatha. Linamangidwa pa malo Volgograd kuti Kalach pa-Don, panthawi ino ya mtsinje converge pa mtunda osachepera - 80 Km. Palibe dongosolo hayidiroliki wa dziko zoopsa izi sichinapangidwe mu nthawi yochepa chonchi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, njira kutumidwa wa Volga ndi Don ali kupeza nyanja zisanu: Nyanja ya Azov, Baltic, White, Caspian ndipo Black. Imodzi pa ntchito yomanga matamanda a madzi a zinamangidwa Tsimlyansk posungira ndi siteshoni opangira magetsi mphamvu.

Nsomba Mtsinje Don

Lokha, mtsinje umenewu ikupezeka mitundu yoposa makumi asanu ndi awiri a nsomba. Komabe, m'zaka za posachedwapa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwambiri chilengedwe m'maderawa (mumapezeka mafuta, zinyalala, tamaliza kufala kwa buluu wobiriwira algae), ambiri a iwo anasamukira ku gulu la chosowa kwambiri. Nsombazi ichi, Nsombazi, beluga. Komanso, osaya ndi thins za anthu mlamba. Mwachitsanzo, zaka makumi awiri zapitazo ndinaona nthawi zina kulemera anali makilogalamu 10. Tsopano gwirani mlamba yolemera makilogalamu 2-3 - ichi ndi kupambana kwakukulu. Nthawi zambiri mukhoza kupeza Pike, carp, bream, rudd, yowawitsa, burbot, oatmeal. Apa ndi nsomba! Mtsinje Don ali olemera mu nsomba malire m'munsi, koma kuipitsidwa ndi yaikulu kwambiri.