Dongosolo msika chuma. Market nyumba: zoyimira ndi liwulo makhalidwe

Msika chuma akhoza kugwira mosapatuka zitsanzo zingapo kuti ndi nthawi zina zizindikiro yosiyana kwambiri. Kodi ndi muyezo ndi koyenera anakonzeratu kusiyana? Amene zitsanzo Ambiri mwa malingaliro a theorists chi?

Zizindikiro za kayendetsedwe ka ntchito zachuma

Dongosolo msika chuma ambiri yodziwika ndi nkhani yaikulu: a predominance katundu pawekha bizinesi ndalama, ufulu wa mpikisano, alowererepo zochepa boma njira zachuma. chitsanzo ichi amaganiza kuti makampani kufuna kukwaniritsa mkulu profitability, kudzapeza nchito zake, makamaka mbali ya kasitomala wokhutira. Imodzi mwa njira chifungulo cha zochitika monga dongosolo msika chuma ndi mapangidwe ufulu wa okwanira ndi akumufuna. Izo zimatengera, poyamba pa zonse, mlingo wa mitengo ya katundu, choncho kuchuluka kwa zolowa likulu. The kugulitsa mtengo wa katundu - izo ndi chizindikiro yoonetsa mmene optimally anamanga okwanira ndi akumufuna.

chuma Market: chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe

Zizindikiro pamwamba zomwe msika nkhani zachuma, tinanyamuka pa mlingo wa chiphunzitso. Zochita kwambiri mulingo woyenera okwanira-kufunika bwino, akatswiri ambiri amanena, sadzafika nthawi zambiri. Msika m'mayiko ambiri, zikuoneka yodziwika ndi ufulu wonse mu mawonekedwe a malonda, si nthawi zonse amalola kumene mabizinesi alidi mwayi wofanana. Monga mbali ya chuma mtundu wa maiko otukuka a dziko, malinga ndi zimene akatswiri ena akhoza kukhala chitsanzo cha oligopoly kapena monopolistic zizolowezi.

Choncho, msika koyera njira zina ali ndi chizolowezi kusandutsa ku malo mpikisano waukulu ndi ufulu mitengo dongosolo limene mitengo zakonzedwa ndi mabizinezi waukulu iwonso bwanji kufunika ndi ogula zokonda malonda, Kukwezeleza ndi zinthu zina. Market nkhani zachuma si odzikonda chilangizo mmene zingamvekere chiphunzitso. Komabe, mphamvu ya boma katundu pafupi zotheka zilizonse, zimene pa mfundo ongolankhula. Koma funso ndi momwe bwino kumanga ka lamulo msika.

Magawo chitukuko cha chuma msika

Kuti tione zimene mungachite kuti chikoka cha boma pa chuma free, tingayese, kuyambira ndi kuphunzira dongosolo mbiri ya ntchito kwa dongosolo la zachuma. Kodi ukhoza kukhala periodization la mapangidwe msika? Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti chitukuko cha chuma (ngati tikukamba za zitsanzo zimene anatuluka lero mu maiko otukuka) zinachitika mu magawo akuluakulu anayi - otchedwa chakale bizinesi, nthawi ya kachitidwe wosanganiza chuma, komanso chikhalidwe wokonda zitsanzo msika.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi bizinesi tingachipeze powerenga. Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti dongosolo la ntchito kwa ndithu nthawi yaitali - kuchokera mzaka XVII kwa zaka zoyambirira za m'ma makumi awiri. mbali chifungulo cha mtundu chogwirizana a msika anali motere:

- ambiri umwini payekha chuma zofunika kupanga;

- pafupifupi ufulu mpikisano, kulowa mosavuta mu msika wa osewera atsopano;

- osachepera zopinga malangizo a utuluke likulu;

- pa predominance la alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi sing'anga, ndi ofooka anasonyeza kuphatikiza awo;

- underdevelopment la chilamulo ntchito;

- mkulu osakhalitsa mu mitengo (mchikakamizo cha okwanira ndi kufunika);

- osachepera chigawo zongopeka mu mawonekedwe a malonda ndi kugula magawo;

The boma vuto la zachuma panthawi imeneyi pafupifupi chiyani saletsa. Chakale bizinesi kalekale ndithu bwino chitsanzo. Chifukwa zimagwirira mpikisano, kampani mwachangu atchule sayansi ndi luso patsogolo, kuwongolera katundu. Komabe, ndi chiyambi cha XX m'ma chakale bizinesi sanamvetse zosoŵa za anthu osauka. Izi makamaka nkhawa zinthu za chikhalidwe chitetezo. chakuti chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa msika capitalist - mavuto akuwuka monga chotsatira cha vutoli nawonso ndi anthu, zolakwika kapena kuchita mwadala wa osewera msika, umalimbana ndi destabilization ena zigawo za chuma ndi view kupeza phindu. Chifukwa, m'bwalolo malonda anaonekera arbitrator - boma. Iwo anapanga otchedwa wosanganiza chuma.

Mbali Aika - ndi mbali yofunika ya m'boma mu malonda, komanso alowererepo yogwira boma chitukuko msika. Makamaka mu zigawo zimene amafuna chuma chidwi - zomangamanga zoyendera njira zolankhulirana, nchito kubanki. alowererepo boma zikusonyeza kuti msika mpikisano adakali kupezeka ndi ndizodabwitsa za ufulu ubale, koma malire amene anafotokozedwa pa zazikulu mlingo, ie, amalonda sangathe anapereka mitengo mopambanitsa kapena otsika m'njira monopolistic kupulumutsa pa malipilo ndodo kapena ntchito ngati awo zinthu zimene zingavulaze dongosolo dziko zachuma. Chuma mabizinesi wosanganiza akhala ofunitsitsa kusonkhana - makampani, kukhulupirira, cartels. Anayamba kufalitsa mitundu ya umwini gulu la chuma payekha - makamaka mu mawonekedwe a magawo.

Wa bizinesi - lathu chitukuko

Siteji yotsatira chitukuko zachuma - zikamera kachitidwe chikhalidwe wokonda chuma. mfundo ndi yakuti ngati bizinesi koyera ndi chitsanzo wosanganiza amakampani kulamuliridwa ndi mfundo kuchira pazipita kwa phindu mwini malonda, ndalama patsogolo chuma. Koma pa nthawi, osewera msika anayamba kuzindikira kuti nkokoma kwambiri kuti zinthu zofunika zina zamtengo wapatali. Monga Mwachitsanzo, patsogolo chikhalidwe ndi ndalama mu talente. Capital ndi gawo ndilochokera ku zigawo izi. Mu chuma msika chikhalidwe ndi kukhala pa msika mpikisano. Komabe, muyezo wa utsogoleri inasanduka osati likulu, komanso kufunika chikhalidwe cha zochita za kampani. Ndi kulankhula, bizinezi yabwino ankaona osati wina ndi revenues apamwamba ndi profitability, ndi amene anachita chogwirika udindo chikhalidwe - mwachitsanzo, kuti akonze mankhwala anasintha zokonda za anthu ndi moyo awo mosavuta.

Chuma masiku ano m'mayiko ambiri anayamba a dziko, monga akatswiri ena amakhulupirira, ambiri, ali kuoneka "sociality". Komabe, pakati pa dongosolo la zachuma a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, pali kusiyana kwambiri chifukwa makhalidwe dziko, miyambo bizinesi, makamaka mfundo yachilendo. Ena amanenera, chuma ukhoza kukhala ndi kukondera kwambiri kwa "bizinesi choyera", ena - kukhala ngati chitsanzo wosanganiza, kapena ndi mawu amphamvu kwambiri "chikhalidwe".

kuti chuma ndiponso umoyo

Akukhulupirira kuti chuma masiku ano m'mayiko anayamba ndi kugwira ntchito kupereka muyezo mulingo woyenera pakati zofunika malonda, boma ndi anthu. Zimachitika pakati pa zinthu izi, zambiri zimaonekera mu njira yothetsera mavuto anakumana ndi zisudzo ndi zogwirizana - mabizinesi, boma, nzika. Iwo onse amakonda dongosolo linalake. Akatswiri kudziwa mitundu iwiri yaikulu ya izo - zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Taganizirani zizindikiro zawo.

kuti Economic - akonzedwa a mabungwe ndi mchikhalidwe kuti zonse ntchito chuma mwa njira malonda. M'madera chachikulu cha lamulo pano - ufulu chuma, ndalama ndi ndondomeko ya ndalama mpikisano, yachilendo zachuma mgwirizano. kuti Social - uyu, nayenso, mabungwe ndi malamulo zokhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu onse ndi magulu ake osiyana, ubale anthu. M'madera chachikulu cha lamulo Pankhaniyi - dziko la ku ntchito, thandizo chikhalidwe, katundu, malo ogona, malamulo zachilengedwe.

Choncho, nkhani zachuma ndi chikhalidwe zochokera mtundu Chili zinthu za zisudzo waukulu nawo chitukuko onse kuti chuma ndi chikhalidwe. Mbali yoyamba ya otsogolera - kwa malonda (ndi nawo boma zolimbana), lachiwiri - ndi boma (ndi ntchito malonda wothandiza). anthu ndi phunziro, kawirikawiri mitundu onse a malamulo. N'chifukwa chake chuma amatchedwa dera zochokera.

Za nyumba msika

Ngakhale mbali yofunika ya boma mu kachitidwe kamakono chuma, komanso ulamuliro chidwi gawo lake pa mwambo wa zofuna za anthu, waukulu galimoto mphamvu, predetermining kukula, ndi malonda. anthu akhama Mzimuyo oyamba mu moyo patsogolo sayansi. Makamaka njira ntchito bwanji chilengedwe cha ntchito yatsopano, ndi zina ngakhale bwino mfundo boma lina. Popanda mphamvu amalonda ndi anthu a sadzatha kumanga bwino ndi mpikisano dziko chuma.

Mphamvu anasonyeza ndi mabungwe a boma, anthu umagwira ntchito mwa chikhalidwe. Mabizinesi, nayenso, zachokera nyumba osiyana msika. Kuti iwo ali, malinga ndi mfundo ano ongolankhula? ndi makhalidwe a nyumba msika chiyani?

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi tanthauzo la mawu. Chimodzi mwa wamba: msika kapangidwe - mndandanda wa zotsatira ndi makhalidwe amene amasonyeza makhalidwe a ntchito kwa chuma wonse kapena aliyense wa nthambi zake makamaka. Malinga ndi zimene mwachindunji ndi makamaka mbali chitsanzo kumatanthauza misika. Kodi n'chiyani? Yachokera pa njira methodological unakhazikitsidwa mu chiphunzitso ano Russian zachuma, pali atatu zitsanzo yaikulu ya msika: mpikisano wangwiro, okhawo, oligopoly. Akatswiri ena amakonda kuonetsetsa chitsanzo china. Izi otchedwa mpikisano monopolistic.

tanthauzo lina lomwe likupezeka mu dera Katswiri, zikusonyeza kutanthauzira yosiyana za izo. Pankhaniyi tikulankhula "nyumba msika" ngati maonekedwe a zinthu ndi zisudzo za njira zimene zimachitika mu chuma. Izi zikhoza kukhala, mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha ogulitsa, chiwerengero cha ogula, komanso zinthu kutchukitsa zimalepheretsa kulowa aliyense zigawo za.

Market kapangidwe ndi osakaniza katundu wa chilengedwe zachuma imene mabizinesi ntchito. Kungakhale Mwachitsanzo, chiwerengero cha makampani mayina makampani, makampani patsogolo, chiwerengero cha makasitomala kapena makasitomala. Makhalidwe a nyumba za ziwalo zingakhudze msika kusamala okwanira ndi kufunika mbali. Mndandanda wa mtundu winawake wa ntchito akhoza Lembani zitsanzo zinayi za msika pa ntchito makamaka mfundo - pa mlingo wa chuma cha dziko, dera, kapena m'dera makamaka. Koma kawirikawiri, chuma masamu pakuchitika ena ya magawo kwa mtima wa katundu wa dongosolo dziko zachuma.

monopolism

msika amakhala ndi nyumba monopolistic msika, ndi mitundu yake lolingana? Choyamba ndi pamaso pa gulu mwachilungamo yopapatiza a alimi gwero, amene amalola zimakhudza zinthu chonse mu gawo la chuma (kapena pa mlingo dziko, mu general). Akatswiri ena kuitana kwa mtundu uwu chida "mphamvu msika" yomwe imachitika mwa kuphangira - kawirikawiri ntchito yaikulu kapena magulu. Malinga mlingo nawo za chuma cha boma, iwo akhoza kukhala aumwini kapena apagulu. Koma mpikisano monopolistic - mmodzi wa mitundu ya msika, complementing ndi atatu aakulu, pamene amaganiza kuti bizinesi sali m'gulu kapangidwe ka "mphamvu msika", komabe amakhala ndi mwayi chinthu bwanji mitengo. Zochita izi inachokera ku mlingo kumene ntchito umagwira ntchito. Ngati izo ziri, ndi kuyankhula, ndi sitolo yaing'ono golosale, zikhoza kukhudza mtengo wa magulu ena mankhwala m'dera lanu kapena msewu. Pankhani Intaneti malonda, mmene zimakhudza mtengo kugulitsa malonda anagulitsa angathe mumzindawo kapena dera. Kuti pali mpikisano, koma iwo umabala mbali monopolistic. Mgwirizano mu msika ali pafupifupi osati anapanga pano. Ngakhale kumene, mfundo amaganizira mitengo ya kumanga kufunika m'deralo. Pa nthawi yomweyo chiwerengero cha makampani mu makampani, mu mzinda kapena dera mpikisano wake ndi nyumba monopolistic msika, n'koyenera, ingathe kukhala chitsanzo osiyana zachuma.

oligopoly

Taganizirani mbali oligopoly. Kapangidwe Izi msika mokwanira pafupi okhawo. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti chachiwiri - mmodzi wa mitundu woyamba. Mulimonsemo, kusiyana oligopoly ndi okhawo kumeneko. Choyamba kudziwa kapangidwe msika, ngati ife kulankhula za iwo, kutanthauza zinthu za dongosolo la zachuma, amene yodziwika ndi zosayembekezereka kawirikawiri precedents, amene amasonyeza kupezeka kwa mafakitale angapo ofunika, monga ulamuliro, nyumba ntchito yaikulu. Ndiko kuti, pamene pali okhawo, makamaka imodzi player lalikulu, anaikira mu manja ake "mphamvu msika." Mu oligopoly angakhale angapo. Pa nthawi yomweyo mgwirizano pakati pa iwo kwenikweni si kutanthauza ulamuliro wa mitengo. M'malo mwake, mu chimango cha amenewa eg msika, monga oligopoly ndi, mpikisano kungakhale kutchulidwa ndithu. Ndipo, monga Motero, mapangidwe ndi kugulitsa mtengo wa katundu - ndi ufulu. A chitsanzo chapadera - pa kukumana kwa mlingo IT-msika Samsung zimphona, LG, Sony. Ngati ena a magulu awa yodziwika ndi zizindikiro za okhawo, mtengo wa Msuzi lolingana kuti zingasiyane ndi izo. Koma lero tili ndi mwachilungamo mpikisano, monga akatswiri amakhulupirira, msika zipangizo zamagetsi, mtengo pa botolo la umene pa zaka zaposachedwapa ngakhale chikamakula, ndi zambiri osati patsogolo kufufuma. Ndipo ngati si nthawi zina amachepetsa.

mpikisano wangwiro

Zotsutsana za okhawo ndi - mpikisano wangwiro. Pamene palibe nzika za dongosolo la zachuma alibe otchedwa "msika mphamvu." Ngakhale kulola kuti kuphatikiza la chuma cha wotsatira ulamuliro olowa pa mitengo, monga ulamuliro, ndi zochepa.

Kuweta msika nyumba, ngati ife timvetsetsa iwo mbali yofunika njira zachuma, yodziwika ndi mpikisano wangwiro mbali zimasiyana iwo amene ali ogwera okhawo ndi oligopoly. Kenako tiona ubwenzi wawo aliyense wa zitsanzo za zamalonda.

Kuyerekezera nyumba msika

Ife taphunzira mfundo dongosolo msika. Tinaona kuti kutanthauzira mawu akuti ndi ziwiri. Choyamba, pansi pa "kapangidwe msika" akhoza kumva ngati msika chitsanzo ngati - okhawo kapena Mwachitsanzo, ndi oligopoly. Chachiwiri, mawu angatanthauze khalidwe lililonse la nkhaniyi nawo pa ndondomeko ya zachuma. Sitinatenga ochepa mwa njira muyezo pankhani mfundo ano zachuma: chiwerengero cha makampani pano mu msika kapena zigawo yeniyeni, chiwerengero cha ogula, komanso zomwe zimalepheretsa kulowa kwa onse.

Chofunika, tisaiwale - ndi anthu kutanthauzira ena akuti akhoza imayendera. Kodi? Limatithandiza kumvetsa limagwirira zitsanzo mogwirizana kapena zinthu zimene amapanga msika dongosolo, tebulo, zomwe ife tsopano akatunge.

Amagwiritsa amenewa ungatithandize kuti bwino kuona kusiyana pakati pa zitsanzo za zamalonda - mu mtundu wonsewo kapena zambiri m'deralo. Tikumbukenso kuti ngati tikulankhula za mzinda kapena chuma m'maderawa, akhoza yodziwika ndi zinthu zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti yosiyana ndi ya midzi ina. Ndipo mu nkhani iyi, kudzakhala kovuta kuti zimaona kudziwa chitsanzo uli pafupi, nawonso chuma cha dziko.