Dzheyms Chedvik: yonena, photos, kutsegula

Sir Dzheyms Chedvik (Photo anatengedwa m'nkhani) - English wasayansi Nobel, yemwe anatchuka Atapeza nyutironi lapansi. Izo wachibadidwe anasintha zinthu zakuthambo nthawi imeneyo ndipo analola asayansi kulenga zinthu zatsopano, komanso zinachititsa kuti anapeza fission nyukiliya ndi ntchito zake zankhondo ndi zolinga mtendere. Chadwick anali mwa gulu la asayansi a ku Britain, amene mu nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Dziko US anathandiza kukhazikitsa bomba la atomiki.

Dzheyms Chedvik: yochepa yonena

Chadwick anabadwa mu Bollingtone, Cheshire, England, October 20, 1891, mwana wa Dzhona Dzhozefa ndi Anne Meri Noulz. Iye anaphunzira ku sukulu m'dera pulayimale ndi Manchester anthu mkulu. The sikisitini analandira maphunziro pa yunivesite ya Manchester. James ankafuna kuphunzira masamu, koma molakwika anapezeka nkhani yoyambirira pa sayansi ndipo ndinalembetsa zapaderazi izi. Poyamba, iye ankachita mantha maganizo ake, koma pambuyo chaka choyamba cha phunziro, anapeza njira chidwi kwambiri. Chadwick anali analembedwa kalasi ya Ernest Rutherford, kumene anaphunzitsidwa magetsi ndi nyese, ndipo pambuyo pake anaikidwa lecturer James ntchito kafukufuku pa nyukiliya mchitidwe Analandira.

maphunziro oyambirira

Dzheyms Chedvik maphunziro mu 1911 ndipo anapitiriza ntchito ndi Rutherford pa mayamwidwe Popanga madzi a gamma cheza ndi digiri mbuye mu 1913, woyang'anira chinathandiza cholinga chake cha ndalamachi kafukufuku amene anafunikira ntchito kwina. Iye anaganiza zoyamba kuphunzira mu Berlin ndi Hans Geiger, yemwe anapita Manchester panthawi imene James analandira digiri mbuye. Nthawi imeneyi, Chadwick anakhazikitsa kuli sipekitiramu mosalekeza cheza beta kuti ulesi ofufuza ndipo zinachititsa kuti anapeza neutrino lapansi.

Khalani mu msasa

Atatsala pang'ono First World nkhondo, pamene zochita asilikali anali mosalephera, Geiger Chadwick anachenjeza anabwerera ku England posachedwapa. James Sankamvetsetsa nsonga kuyenda kampani ndipo anakhala mpaka mapeto a nkhondoyo mu msasa POW German. Mu zaka zisanu m'ndende Chadwick anatha kukambirana ndi alonda ndi kafukufuku kuwala zofunika.

The ntchito pa Cavendish Laboratory

Dzheyms Chedvik, amene yonena ali mu sayansi anali mwayi onse kutha mu 1918, chifukwa cha khama la Rutherford anabwerera sayansi, ndi kutsimikizira kuti phata mlandu anali wofanana ndi chiwerengero atomiki. Mu 1921 iye anali kupereka ndi kuphunzira ntchito mukadali pasukulu kafukufuku pa Cambridge College Gonville ndi Keyes, ndipo chaka chotsatira anakhala wachiwiri kwa Rutherford pa Cavendish Laboratory.

Ntchito tsiku lililonse, iye anapeza nthawi kafukufuku, malangizo amene lonse akuti ndi Rutherford. Chadwick ndi mwamuna mapeto Charles D. Ellis ndiye anapitiriza maphunziro Utatu College ndi Rutherford, kufufuza zinthu transmutation pamene amatitsatsa particles Alpha (helium mtima). Kafukufukuyo ku Vienna, ananena zotsatira zomwe sagwirizana ndi deta akamagwira zasayansi Cavendish, yolondola omwe MOKHOZA kumbuyo kuyesa zina Chadwick ndi anzake.

Mu 1925, James anakwatira Aileen Stewart-Brown. banja kuti ana amapasa anabadwa.

Mu 1920s m'ma Dzheyms Chedvik imachitika zatsopano pa kubalalika wa particles Alpha mu chandamale akuwombera zitsulo, kuphatikizapo golide ndi ureniamu, kenako ambiri a helium amene pachimake ali misa chomwecho ndi particles Alefa. Kubalalika anali asymmetric, ndi Chadwick anafotokoza mu 1930 pamene chodabwitsa kwadzidzidzi.

Kupezeka kwa nyutironi ndi

Back mu 1920, Rutherford akufuna kuti pali particles electrically ndale otchedwa neutrons kufotokoza kuli isotopes wa hydrogen. Tinkakhulupirira kuti tinthu imeneyi imakhala ndi elekitironi ndi pulotoni, koma nkhani ya kapangidwe sizinapezekebe.

Mu 1930, iwo anapezeka kuti pamene ankatigenda ndi kuunika mtima Alpha cheza panamveka polonium pamabuka ozama cheza popanda mlandu magetsi. Izo zimayenera Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira. Komabe, pamene ntchito beryllium chandamale cheza anali zambiri ozama kuposa ntchito zipangizo zina. Mu 1931, Chadwick ndi mnzake wake Webster adafotokoza kuti cheza ndale kwenikweni umboni wakuti kuli nyutironi lapansi.

Mu 1932, banja ofufuza Iren Kyuri ndi Frederika Zholio anasonyeza kuti beryllium kuchipatala ozama kuposa ananenedwa ndi ofufuza m'mbuyomu, koma iwo amatchedwanso kuti Popanga madzi a gamma kunyezimira. Dzheyms Chedvik lipoti ndipo nthawi yomweyo anayamba kugwira ntchito pa mawerengedwe a tinthu misa ndale, amene adzakhala kufotokoza zotsatira atsopano. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito beryllium cheza kuti alipo zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndipo anapeza kuti zotsatira zogwirizana ndi chikoka particles ndale misa pafupifupi ofanana kwa unyinji wa purotoni a. Zinali chitsimikiziro experimental kuli nyutironi lapansi. Mu 1925 kwa kupindula izi, Chadwick analandira Nobel Prize mu sayansi.

Kuyambira nyutironi anachita nyukiliya

Nyutironi ali mwamsanga chida cha sayansi ntchito kudutsa maatomu mbali ndi kusandulika awo, choncho ndithu mlandu phata si amaipidwa. Choncho, Chadwick njira kwa fission wa ureniamu-235 ndi zida za nyukiliya. Mu 1932, chifukwa cha kupezeka zofunika anali kupereka kwa Hughes Zikho, ndipo mu 1935 Nobel Prize. Kenako anamva kuti Hans Falkenhagen anapeza nyutironi nthawi yomweyo naye, koma anaopa kufalitsa zotsatira zawo. Katswiri German modzichepetsa anakana mayitanidwewo kugawana Nobel Prize, amene anamupatsa Dzheyms Chedvik.

Kupezeka kwa nyutironi anathandiza kulenga zinthu transuranic zasayansi. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anapeza Nobel Prize wopambana Enrico Fermi zochita nyukiliya anachititsa ndi neutrons pang'onopang'ono, ndipo anapeza wa akatswiri German Otto Hahn ndi Strassmann wa fission nyukiliya yomwe inali ndi zotsatira za kulenga zida za nyukiliya.

The ntchito pa bomba la atomiki

Mu 1935, Dzheyms Chedvik anakhala pulofesa wa sayansi pa yunivesite ya Liverpool. Malinga ndi zotsatira za memorandum wa Frisch-Peierls mu 1940 kuthekera kukhazikitsa kwa bomba , anaikidwa mu Komiti ya Maud kufufuza nkhani mwatsatanetsatane. Mu 1940 anapita ku North America pa ntchito Tizard kukhala mgwirizano kafukufuku nyukiliya. Nditabwerera ku Britain, iye anaganiza kuti izo sizigwira ntchito mpaka pamene nkhondoyo yatha.

Mu December chaka chomwecho Frensis Saymon, amene ankagwira ntchito ku Maud, anapeza mpata nadzawasankhula isotope ureniamu-235. Mu lipoti lake ananena kuwerengera ndi specifications luso kwa chilengedwe cha kampani lalikulu ureniamu patsogolo. Chadwick analemba kuti ndiye yekha anazindikira kuti bomba la nyukiliya anali Zimatheka mosalephera. Kuyambira nthawi zimene anayenera kuyamba kutenga ogonetsa. James ndi zambiri amapereka bomba gulu la U-235, ndiponso kuvomereza zotsatira ndi mayamwidwe wa isotope U-238.

moyo zotsatira

Posachedwapa iye anapita ku Los Alamos, likulu la Manhattan Project, ndipo pamodzi ndi Niels Bohr anapereka malangizo wapatali kwa kutukula wa mabomba a atomiki Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki. Chedvik Dzheyms, amene atulukira ndi ukasintha anasintha mbiri ya anthu, mu 1945, anali knighted.

Kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, anabwerera malo ake pa Liverpool. Chadwick anasiya ntchito mu 1958. Atakhala zaka khumi North Wales, anabwerera Cambridge mu 1969, kumene anakafa July 24, 1974.