Kapangidwe ndi kuyang'anira phata la atomu

chakuti zinthu zonse wapangidwa particles pulayimale, asayansi ankaganiza ngakhale Greece wakale. Koma ngakhale kutsimikizira izo kapena kutsutsa m'masiku amenewo panalibe njira. Inde, katundu wa maatomu mu nthawi zakale anali ongoganizira chabe zochokera amakumana zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Kutsimikizira kuti nkhani yonse imakhala particles pulayimale, zinatheka m'zaka 19 ndiyeno zina. Pa nthawi yomweyo, asayansi ndi akatswiri padziko lonse ayesetsa kuti akonze chiphunzitso logwirizana la particles pulayimale, kufotokoza dongosolo awo ndipo anafotokoza katundu osiyanasiyana, monga mlandu nyukiliya.

Kuphunzira mamolekyulu, maatomu ndi nyumba zawo zinali zoyenera ntchito asayansi ambiri. Physics pang'onopang'ono ankatembenukira kuphunzira microcosm wa - particles pulayimale ndi anzake katundu wawo. Asayansi anakhala chidwi zimene amapanga phata atomiki, malingaliro ndi ayeserere iwo, osachepera modzizimbayitsa.

Chifukwa, monga chiphunzitso ichi chititsimikizira kuti walandiridwa ndi chitsanzo mapulaneti dongosolo atomiki akufuna ndi Ernest Rutherford ndi Niels Bohr. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, mtengo wa atomu iliyonse ya phata ndi zabwino, pamene ukuzungulira atembenuza ndi ma elekitironi zoipa mlandu, kenako kupanga atomu ndi electrically ndale. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chiphunzitso ichi chakhala mobwerezabwereza zikutsimikiziridwa ndi mitundu yonse ya zinthu zatsopano, kuyambira ndi zimene zinachitikira imodzi ake co-olemba.

Modern sayansi ya nyukiliya ndi chiphunzitso cha maphunziro Rutherford-Bohr ndi lofunika wa maatomu ndi zinthu zawo zonse ofotokoza. Mosiyana kwambiri malingaliro amene anatuluka pa zaka 150 zapitazo, pafupifupi sizinachitikepo anatsimikizira. Iwo likukhalira kuti sayansi ya nyukiliya kwa gawo lalikulu ndi view ongolankhula cha kukula kopitilira muyeso-ka zinthu akuphunziridwa.

Inde, dziko masiku ano kudziwa mlandu zotayidwa pachimake, mwachitsanzo (kapena mchitidwe wina uliwonse) ndi mosavuta kuposa m'zaka za m'ma 19, ndipo makamaka - mu Greece wakale. Koma kufufuza chatsopano mu munda, asayansi zina kubwera kuganiza zodabwitsa. Akuyesera kuti apeze njira yothetsera vuto, zakuthambo particles pulayimale polimbana ndi mavuto atsopano ndiponso paradoxes.

chiphunzitso Poyamba Rutherford limanena kuti katundu mankhwala mankhwala zimadalira zimene mtengo wa phata la atomu ndi izo, monga Motero, chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi, onsewo mu kanjira kake. umagwirira Modern ndi sayansi kuthandiza mokwanira buku lino. Ngakhale kuti maphunziro a dongosolo maselo poyamba amaipidwa ku chitsanzo losavuta - atomu wa hydrogen, ndi kuyang'anira phata ndi wofanana 1, chiphunzitso chili bwinobwino applicable kuti mbali zonse za tebulo nthawi kuphatikizapo wa zitsulo osowa lapansi ndi zinthu nyukiliya, anakonza chongopeka kumapeto kwa Zakachikwi lomaliza.

Modabwitsa kale Rutherford maphunziro English sayansi dokotala William Prout mapangidwe anaona kuti chiwerengero cha zinthu linaperekedwa angapo a index wa hydrogen. Iye ndiye anena kuti zinthu zina zonse Kungoti wapangidwa wa hydrogen, pa mlingo zina zazikulu. Kuti Mwachitsanzo, asafe, tinthu - ndi tinthu 14 ngati osachepera mpweya - .. 16, etc. Ngati tikambirana mfundo imeneyi lonse mu kutanthauzira ano, nthawi zambiri zoona.