Economic munthu - imafotokoza mwachidule. Chitsanzo cha munthu zachuma

Khalidwe zachuma a anthu ndi magulu a anthu msika amalenga kufunika. Pakuti chifukwa ndalama zofunika kwambiri wogulitsa m'njira yake kulosera voliyumu ya kufunika m'tsogolo ndi kudziwa mndandanda wa zinthu zazikulu zimene zingakhudze izo. Choncho m'pofunika kudziŵa maganizo "chitsanzo cha munthu zachuma" ndi polumikiza kwa zachuma, maganizo ndi chikhalidwe mbali zambiri, kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ichi kuchita. Iwo zogwirizana ndi makampani zinthu msika pa mbali yobweretsa, ndi anthu wamba, omwe limodzi ndi kufunika kumsika.

"Homo" -modelirovanie kapena ndife yani?

Chuma akhala akudabwa mmene munthu akusankha kuposa chiongoko ndi mmene kusanja zinthu. Ndi chitukuko ubale msika ali kusintha, ndipo munthuyo. Tiyeni kukumbukira mitundu odziwika "Homo".

Anthu lachitsanzo mawu a zamoyo kapena Homo biologicus:

• Homo habilis kapena anthu aluso anaphunzira kuti moto ndi kukhazikitsa njira ya ntchito;
• Homo erectus, kapena wolungama, anaima pa miyendo onse, ntchito manja;
• Homo sapiens kapena Homo sapiens, adapindulapo luso athandize kulankhula ndi maganizo sagwirizana nazo.

The zamoyo wa anthu pamalo a ntchito ndi causal wokhalapo, lapadera, kapena Homo eventus:

• Homo economicus, kapena munthu zachuma, khalidwe mbali ya rationality ndi kukwaniritsa zotheka phindu lalikulu mwa mawu osauka chuma;
• Homo sociologicus kapena munthu chikhalidwe cha anthu amene amafuna kulankhula ndi anthu ena ndi chiyanjo cha ntchito zake pa anthu;
• Homo politicus kapena anthu andale, chofuna kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wake ndi kupeza mphamvu ndi thandizo la mabungwe boma;
• Homo religiosus kapena anthu achipembedzo amene amati thandizo moyo wake ndi cholinga chachikulu cha "Mau a Mulungu" ndiponso thandizo la wolamulira wamkulu.

Kufotokoza mwa chidule za mtundu wa chochitika ukufanizidwa ndi zitsanzo chosavuta chimasonyeza dongosolo anthu a zofunika ndiponso akufotokoza zifukwa khalidwe lake mu chilengedwe makamaka - chuma, ndale, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo. Aliyense makamaka angakhale munthu wokhalapo "osiyana" malingana ndi ntchito dongosolo, kuti ndi malo amene mozama ndipo sakudziwika.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuyerekeza woyamba zitsanzo chochitika awiri a anthu: munthu zachuma ndi munthu, chikhalidwe - amadalira kwambiri pa gulu ndi anthu. World Amasintha kwa zosowa za chuma munthu, amene anasonyeza m'chilamulo cha okwanira ndi anthu, ndi munthu chikhalidwe yekha Amasintha za zinthu zinalili pa dziko, pofuna kupewa kupatukana kwake kwa khamulo.

Rationality monga maziko a Mwachangu

Mawerengeredwe kumafuna ena mfundo dongosolo, kotero anthu timakhala zachuma ali rationality, akhoza kusankha bwino mu mawu akufuna. Pa rationality wa munthu zimakhudza:

• kupezeka kwa mudziwe mitengo ndi mabuku kupanga;
• nzeru za anthu za magawo zofunika kusankha;
• mkulu mlingo wa nzeru kapena wodziwa bwino anthu okwanira mu kukwaniritsidwa kwa kusankha chuma;
• anthu kusankha m'mikhalidwe kupikisana wangwiro.

The chiŵerengero cha mfundo za tanena kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti rationality angakhale mitundu itatu:

1. Complete, zimene zimaphatikizapo kuzindikira bwino anthu za msika ndi mphamvu yake kusankha, apindule pazipita pa mtengo wotsikitsitsa.
2. Limited, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti munthu kusowa mfundo wathunthu ndi msinkhu osakwanira wa yamtunduwu anthu, chifukwa, iye amafuna kuti azipeza phindu, koma kukumana ndi zosowa zofunika njira okha zovomerezeka.
3. Organic rationality complicates chitsanzo cha munthu zachuma mwa kuyambitsa zosintha zina zimene zimakhudza khalidwe lake: Ziletsozi malamulo, chiletso miyambo ndi chikhalidwe, miyeso chikhalidwe wosankha.

View wa munthu ngati nkhani zomveka ndi zosowa zawo ndi zolinga zomwe zayambika pamodzi ndi masukulu a zachuma. Panopa, pali zinayi zitsanzo yaikulu ya anthu. Amasiyana:

1. Mlingo wa abstraction wa zosiyanasiyana mbali chikhalidwe, maganizo, chikhalidwe ndi zina za umunthu.
2. Maonekedwe a chilengedwe zili chuma ndi ndale padziko munthu.

I. The chitsanzo cha chuma munthu - zakuthupi

Lingaliro la "Homo economicus" unayamba m'zaka za m'ma XVIII pansi chiphunzitso British chakale sukulu, ndipo patapita anasamukira ku ziphunzitso marzhinalistov ndi neoclassical. Akamanena za chitsanzo kwagona kuti munthu amafuna azipeza zofunikira okha katundu anagula mwa zinthu zochepa waukulu mmodzi amene akutumikira ndalama zake. Choncho, pakati pa chitsanzo ndi ndalama ndi chikhumbo cha munthu cha patsogolo. munthu Economic akhoza kuonanso ubwino onse kugawana wina ndi mtengo ndipo phindu okha, chifukwa posankha motsogozedwa okha ndi kuchita zofuna zawo, pamene otsala chidwi ndi zofuna za ena.

Mu chitsanzo ichi mwachangu kumaonekera ndi "zosaoneka dzanja" la msika wa Adam Smith. Anthu zinthu zawo chokhazikika pa chodzikonda: ogula amamuchititsa kugula katundu wapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo Mlengi - kupereka msika mankhwala kukakumana kufunika ndi kupeza phindu kwambiri. Anthu akuchita zolinga zadyera, ntchito kaamba ka ubwino.

II. Chitsanzo cha munthu zachuma - zakuthupi zochepa rationality

Otsatira JM malingaliro Keynes ndi institutionalism anavomereza kuti khalidwe la munthu zimakhudza osati apeze chuma, komanso zinthu zingapo chikhalidwe ndi maganizo. Kufotokoza mwa chidule za chitsanzo choyamba amatilola amanena kuti munthuyo ali pa misinkhu ziriri a piramidi wa zofuna Maslow. Chitsanzo chachiwiri ndi munthu chimatsatira milingo apamwamba, kusiya patsogolo mu mbali chuma.

Kuthandiza chitsanzo ichi wa munthu mu mkhalidwe mgwirizano amafuna alowererepo chokwanira onse.

III. Chitsanzo cha munthu zachuma - collectivist

Dongosolo paternalistic komwe boma adzatenge udindo wa m'busa, basi kumasulira malo a anthu amaweta nkhosa, chomwechonso mwamuna zachuma. anasankha salinso okha basi zinthu mkati ndi zinthu kunja. boma laganiza mapeto a munthu, azikaphunzira ndi kugawa ndi kuika kwa kuntchito zenizeni, zokhutitsa yekha katundu yeniyeni ndi ntchito. Kupanda mpikisano ndi chidwi zotsatira za ntchito kumabweretsa maonekedwe a achinyengo, wodalira kukhonda kukhala munthu misinkhu m'munsi mwa piramidi zosowa, pamene inu ayenera kukhala okhutira ndi zochepa ndipo salimbana bwino.

IV. Chitsanzo cha munthu zachuma - ndi idealist

Mu pempheroli, kumverera wa munthu zachuma: Zikhulupiriro za rationality ndi phindu kwa iye, mu prism Chosowa wapamwamba kwambiri wauzimu. Motero, munthu akhoza kukhala wofunika kwambiri kuposa malipilo ndi digiri okhutira ndi ntchito yawo, kufunika kwa ntchito yake kwa anthu a, kuchulukitsa kwa ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwa kudzidalira.

Chachikulu kusiyana kwa zitsanzo m'mbuyomu zikusonyeza kuti munthu watsopano zachuma, mofanana amaganiza ndi kumva, kusankha mogwirizana ndi uliri mkati.

Apa, munthu ali uthunthu wonse wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi sayansi zoyambirira mzimu apamwamba, wofunika kwambiri umene uli kufunika kudziletsa kuzindikira. Man - chitsanzo zovuta, khalidwe lake kumatengera zifukwa zambiri, sipangakhalenso ananeneratu yekha ndi zolakwa zina za magawo.

mbali maganizo a khalidwe la munthu zachuma

magazini onse a zachuma kugwirizana ndi kusankha anthu zoikamo chuma okha. Ndipo kusankha izi kwambiri ndi mavuto amaganizo. Ponena kachiwiri zosowa tatchulawa wa piramidi, inu mukhoza kuwona zomwe ndi mbali ya zinthu chosaoneka ndi maso pa kakhalidwe ka munthu. Piramidi tichipeza milingo zotsatirazi:

• Woyamba (moyo) - zofuna thupi kwa nyumba, chakudya ndi chakumwa, kugonana, mpumulo;
• The chachiwiri - kufunika chitetezo pamaso thupi ndi maganizo kukhulupirira kuti zinthu zofunika m'tsogolo zidzakwaniritsidwa;
• Chachitatu - zofuna okhudzidwa: mogwirizana ndi anthu, kukhala mbali ya gulu lililonse chikhalidwe cha anthu;
• Chachinayi - kufunika ulemu, zinthu ziwayendere bwino Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa anthu pa malo bwino;
• The chachisanu - kudziwa zosowa za phunziro latsopano ndi ntchito chidziwitso mchitidwe;
• Chimodzi - zosowa zokongoletsa mu chiyanjano, kukongola ndi dongosolo;
• Seventh - kufunika kudzinenera zakukhosi, kuzindikira zonse za luso lawo ndi mphamvu.

Man and Society

Chiwonetsero cha chigawo chikhalidwe pa kakhalidwe ka munthu akhoza kwambiri zimakhudzira pa chuma, kuswa kumvetsa mmene zililimu mogwirizana a kapezedwe ndi kufunika. Mwachitsanzo, chinthu monga azimuth kachitidwe ikukhudza kuchotsa katundu wina mu mtengo osiyanasiyana apamwamba, kupotoza muyezo wa mtengo ndi khalidwe.

Mwanaalirenji katundu amachita kufunika, koma kuti mulandire gulu la katundu si kupeza zosowa zofunika ndi kukhalabe udindo wa munthu, kuonjezera wake kudzidalira.

Munthu - ndi bungwe lokhudza chikhalidwe, nthawi zonse kanthu malinga kapena maganizo a ena. Choncho, masiku ano panali munthu umoyo ndi zachuma, amenenso amasankha mu zikhalidwe za ndalama zochepa, koma ndi diso zosowa zawo maganizo ndi zochita za anthu.

Chiwonetsero cha "munthu chuma" anthu amakono

Taganizirani chitsanzo cha munthu zachuma, anatsimikiza kuti ntchito zapakhomo.

Vuto: Tiyerekeze zachuma Ivanov amapezera 100 rubles. paola. Ngati inu kugula pa zipatso msika rubles 80. pa makilogalamu, ndiye kuti muyenera kucheza ola n'kuyamba msika kusankha mankhwala abwino ndi kuima mu mzere. Shopu amagulitsa chipatso wabwino ndipo palibe queues, koma pa mtengo 120 rubles. pa kilogalamu.

Funso: Kodi buku la kugula Ivanov bwino kupita ku msika?

Yankho: Ivanov ndi mwayi mtengo wa nthawi yawo. Ngati umakhala kuti ntchito mu ofesi, mudzalandira 100 rubles. Ndiko kuti, rationally amathera izi kukwera ola pa msika, pa kusiyana mtengo pakati ndalama ayenera kukhala osachepera 100 rubles. Choncho, kusonyeza voliyumu ya kugula ndi X, kufunika kwa zipatso dzenje anagulitsa pa msika, adzakhala:

80X + 100 <120x

40X> 100

X ndi> 2.5 makilogalamu.

Kutsiliza: Economist Ivanov rationally kugula mtengo zipatso msika owonjezera makilogalamu 2.5. Ngati mukufuna wambiri ang'onoang'ono a zipatso, ndi zambiri zomveka kuti tikhale iwo mu sitolo.

Modern zomveka munthu zachuma, iye intuitively kapena bwino anapereka mtengo pafupi ndi kusankha kwa njira zina ndi munthu amene Cholinga chake chinthu chachikulu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anawatsogolera zinthu zonse zitheka: ndalama, chikhalidwe, maganizo, chikhalidwe, ndi zina zotero ..

Motero, munthu zachuma ...

Timasiyanitsa makhalidwe chibadidwe munthu ano chuma (EV):

1. zina zimene zilipo kuti EV zonse okha, ndipo ena a iwo ndi zongowonjezwdwa ndi ena ayi. Resources monga:

• chachibadwidwe;
• nkhani;
• ntchito;
• nthawi;
• zambiri.

2. EV nthawi amasankha rectilinear ntchito dongosolo ndi zosintha ziwiri: zokonda ndi malamulo. Zokonda anapanga pa maziko a zinthu zofunika kwa munthu, zikhumbo zake ndi zofuna ndi zofooka zochokera kuchuluka pa kutaya chuma payekha. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mwayi kukula, zofuna anthu adzauka.

3. EV mawanga zisankho zina, akhoza kuonanso fanizirani ndi mzake.

4. Pamene mumalemba kusankha EV potsatira zofuna zawo, koma zone ake chikoka angafikire achibale, mabwenzi, okondedwa, amene zokonda zazindikirika ndi munthu pafupifupi wofanana ndi wake. zofuna zake akhoza kupangidwa mchikakamizo cha zosiyanasiyana lonse la zinthu, osati chuma.

5. zimachitika pakati pa anthu umoyo ndi zachuma ndi zofuna zawo umakhala kuwombola.

6. kusankha EV zonse zomveka, koma chifukwa cha ndalama zochepa, kuphatikizapo zambiri, ndi munthu asankha njira zina wake wotchuka munthu amene n'kopindulitsa kwambiri kwa iye.

7. EV mukhonza kupanga chibwana, koma zolakwa zake ndi mwachisawawa.

Kuphunzira munthu zachuma, zolinga zake kuchitapo kanthu, mfundo zake amakonda komanso malamulo kusankha adzalola kumvetsa bwino okha monga nzika zonse ubale ndi zachuma. Chinthu chachikulu ndi anthu akhala pang'ono woyenera kwambiri pa nkhani zachuma, ndipo timalakwa ochepa, mwadongosolo kuwongolera moyo.