Roketi launchers - kuchokera "Katyusha" kuti "Whirlwind"

The m'mene wa launchers ano roketi tinganene kuti zida ku China. Zipolopolo imachititsa mtunda wa 1.6 Km, kulola mu cholinga nambala yaikulu mivi. Mu West, makina onga anaonekera patapita zaka 400.

Mbiri ya zipolopolo za roketi

Mizinga woyamba anali basi chifukwa maonekedwe onga, limene kunayambira ku China. Asayansi kutsegula chinthu ichi mwangozi, pamene opangidwa ndi elixir moyo wosatha. M'zaka za m'ma XI mabomba onga anayamba ntchito, amene adatumizidwa kwa chandamale cha catapults. Zinali chida choyamba limagwirira amene akufanana launchers roketi.

Maroketi anayamba mu China mu 1400 anali ofanana kwambiri ndi makina amakono. Osiyanasiyana ndege awo anali oposa 1.5 Km. Iwo anali mabomba awiri, zida ndi injini. Pamaso pa kugwa kwa iwo anatenga kuchokera kuchuluka yaikulu mivi. Pambuyo China ngati zida anaonekera mu India, ndiye ndinabwerera ku England.

General Congreve mu 1799 pa maziko awo kukhala mtundu watsopano wa zipolopolo onga. Iwo anali pomwepo atatengedwa kupita ku usilikali British. Ndiyeno panali mfuti ija, umene umabala mivi pa mtunda wa 1.6 Km.

Ngakhale izi zisanachitike, 1516, a grassroots Zaporozhye Cossacks pafupi Belgorod mu chiwonongeko cha Chitata magulu a Crimea Khan Giray Melik ntchito kwambiri nzeru launchers roketi. Ndiyamika zida zatsopano mbakunda wa Chitata ankhondo, amene anali ochuluka kwambiri Cossack. Mwatsoka, chinsinsi cha chitukuko cha Cossacks natenga pamodzi nawo, akufa mu nkhondo wotsatira.

Zikayenda A. Zasyadko

A pantchito yojambula chilengedwe cha launchers anapangidwa Aleksandrom Dmitrievichem Zasyadko. Ndipo Iye anatulukira ndipo bwinobwino zagwiridwa ndi RCD choyamba - angapo roketi launchers. Izo zikhoza anamasulidwa pafupifupi imodzi osachepera 6 mivi ya kapangidwe wotereyo. Makhazikitsidwe ndi otsika kulemera, kupanga n'zotheka kusamutsa iwo kulikonse yabwino. chitukuko Zasyadko anali wofunika kwambiri ndi Grand Duke Constantine, mbale wa mfumu. Mu lipoti lake kwa Alexander Ine, iye amafuna ntchito msilikali Zasyadko udindo wa onse akuluakulu.

Development wa launchers roketi mu zaka XIX-XX.

M'zaka za m'ma XIX yomanga maroketi pa nitroporohe (opanda utsi ufa) anayamba Ni Tikhomirov VA Artemyev. The Launch loyamba chotero chida zipolopolo mu USSR mu 1928. Zipolopolo akhoza kugonjetsa mtunda wa 5-6 Km.

Chifukwa cha zopereka Professor ke Tsiolkovsky asayansi Russian ku RNII II Gvaya, VN Galkovskii, AP Pavlenko AS Popov anaonekera Mipikisano pang'ono roketi Launcher RS-M13 mu zaka 1938-1941 ndi unsembe wa BM-13. Pa nthawi yomweyo, asayansi Russian kulenga mivi. Izi mivi - "eresy" - adzakhala Mbali yaikulu ya kuleza otha ntchito ojambulira "Katyusha". Pamwamba chilengedwe chake ntchito angapo zaka.

Kuika "Katyusha"

Mwamwayi, patatsala masiku asanu kuukira German pa USSR gulu Le Schwartz anasonyeza m'dera Moscow chida chatsopano chotchedwa "Katyusha". Roketi Launcher BM-13 ankatchedwa pa nthawi. Mayesero inkachitikira June 17, 1941 pa Sofrinsky akhala akutayirapo dothi yokhudza Chief wa Wogwila GK Zhukov, Commissar Anthu a silikhali, yolimbanirana ndi zida, ndipo akuluakulu ena a Red Army. July 1 zida asilikali wasiya ku Moscow kutsogolo. Ndipo mu masabata awiri, "Katyusha" anapita woyamba wa moto. Hitler idagonjetsedwa mantha kuphunzira za mphamvu ya Launcher pa roketi.

The Germany akhagopa mfuti ndipo anali kuyesera kuti akagwire iye kapena kumupha. Kuyesa recreate okonza ku Germany chida chomwecho si bwino. The zipolopolo sanali apeze liwiro, tinali wachisokonezo ndege njira ndi sizinkagunda chandamale. Onga Soviet kupanga anali bwino khalidwe la zosiyanasiyana, chitukuko atha zaka zambiri. Anzawo German sanathe m'malo, imbaenda wosakhazikika zipolopolo.

Chilengedwe cha zida zamphamvu anatsegula tsamba latsopano mu mbiri ya chitukuko cha zida zida zankhondo. Yoopsa "Katyusha" anayamba kuvala mutu aulemu a "kuwina chida."

mbali chitukuko

Roketi launchers BM-13 zigwirizana zisanu ndi mawilo anayi gudumu galimoto galimoto kapangidwe wapadera. Chimachititsa cockpit anali atathana dongosolo kwa chida Launch pa nsanja, monga kunja uko. Nyamulani Special hydraulically anachotsa gawo kutsogolo kwa zida pa makona a madigiri 45. Poyamba kusunthira kumanja kapena kumanzere nsanja sichinayambe anapereka. Choncho, chifukwa kutsata ofunika kuti athe atumiza galimoto lonse. 16 maroketi zipolopolo kwa mbewu, zouluka pa njira ufulu malo kupeza mdani. Adalira awaonera ngakhale pamene kuwombera. Padakali patsogolo kwambiri kusinthidwa la zida ankagwiritsa ntchito asilikali m'mayiko ena.

M'malo mwa BM-13 1950s anabwera zotakasika ananyoza-moto machitidwe (MLRS) BM 14.

Roketi launchers "Grad"

Zotsatirazi kusinthidwa kwa dongosolo anali "Grad". dongosolo chida analengedwa kwa cholinga chomwecho monga m'mbuyomu zitsanzo zofanana. ndizovuta Only ntchito chifukwa Madivelopa. The yowotcha osiyanasiyana anali kukhala osachepera 20 Km.

Development nkhondo latsopano chinkhoswe mu SRI 147, zomwe mpaka ndiye sanalenge zida zotere. Mu 1958, motsogoleredwa ndi A. Ganicheva mothandizidwa ndi Boma Committee chitetezo Technology ntchito pa chitukuko cha zida anali anapezerapo kwa zosintha latsopano unsembe. Kulenga Akutsatira kupanga zida zankhondo zipolopolo luso. Housings analengedwa ntchito njira wosachedwa zojambula. Olimba a projectile kumachitika chifukwa cha mchira ndi kasinthasintha.

Pambuyo zatsopano zambiri maroketi "Grad" anagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba nthenga za masamba anayi yokhota kumapeto, yomwe zavumbulutsidwa pa chiyambi. Choncho, AN Ganichev akhoza kuonetsetsa kuti chida anali gawo lalikulu kalozera tubular, ndiponso dongosolo ndege olimba anali abwino kuwombera osiyanasiyana pa 20km. Zitsulo opanga yaikulu RI 147, RI-6, 47-GSKB, SKB-203.

mayesero anali imachitika pa malo "Rzhevka" pafupi Leningrad March 1, 1962 ndipo patatha chaka, March 28, 1963, anatengera dziko anatenga "Grad". Roketi Launcher anaikidwa mu kupanga January 29, 1964

The zikuchokera kwa "Castle"

SZO MB 21 zikuphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi:

- chida Launcher, amene wokwera pa chakudya galimotoyo "Ural-375" galimoto;

- The dongosolo moto ulamuliro ndi zoyendera ndi potsegula galimoto 9T254 pamaziko a "ZIL-131";

- atatu-mita 40 mu mawonekedwe a machubu kalozera wokwera pa tsinde, amene imazungulira ndege yopingasa ndi vertically anachititsa.

Aiming ikuchitika pamanja kapena mphamvu ya magetsi. Nawuza unsembe pamanja. Galimoto angachititse mlandu. Kuwombera ndi ananyoza kapena akatemera umodzi. Ngati salvo zimakhudza mphamvu m'dera mamita lalikulu 1046 mu zipolopolo 40. m.

Zipolopolo za "Castle"

Moto, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mivi. Iwo amasiyana ndi mfuti osiyanasiyana, chiwonongeko Unyinji wa chandamale. Iwo ntchito kuchita anthu oti magalimoto oti muli nazo zida, matope mabatire, ndege ndi Helicopters pansi, migodi, unsembe wa zowonetsera utsi, wailesi kuwasokoneza, poizoni ndi zinthu mankhwala.

Zosintha a dongosolo "Grad" kuchuluka yaikulu. Onsewo ali mu utumiki padziko lonse.

Long-osiyanasiyana MLRS "Uragan"

Imodzi ndi kukula "Castle" Soviet Union ankachita nawo chilengedwe cha losatha ndege angapo machitidwe Launch roketi (MLRS). Pamaso pa Kubwera kwa "mphepo yamkuntho" odziwa roketi launchers P-103, P-110 "Tilu", "Korshun". Onse anali ayesedwa zabwino, koma si mphamvu zokwanira komanso linali ndi zovuta zake.

Chakumapeto 1968 anayamba kuphunzira losatha 220 mm NWB. Poyamba iye ankatchedwa "Castle-3». A uthunthu wonse wa m'dongosolo latsopano walandiridwa mu chitukuko njira pambuyo pa Utumiki wa silikhali Makampani wa USSR pa March 31, 1969. The Perm mfuti fakitale nambala 172 mu February 1972 opangidwa MLRS "Uragan" zinachitika. Launcher roketi Analeredwa ndi March 18 1975. Atakhala zaka 15 ku Soviet Union inali 10 roketi zida zankhondo regiments MLRS "Uragan" ndi chimodzi zotakasika artbrigady.

Mu 2001, monga "mphepo yamkuntho" machitidwe akhala ntchito mu mayiko a Soviet Union:

- Russia - 800;

- Kazakhstan - 50;

- Moldova - 15;

- Tajikistan - 12;

- Turkmenistan - 54;

- Uzbekistan - 48;

- Ukraine - 139.

Zipolopolo za "zamkuntho" ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi zipolopolo za "Grad". zigawo zikuluzikulu ofanana ndi gawo la milandu roketi chopopera ndi 9M27 9H164. Kuchepetsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana iwonso amavala mphete ananyema. kutalika ndi 4832-5178 mm, ndi kulemera - 271-280 makilogalamu. Nyuzi m'nthaka sing'anga osalimba ali ndi awiri mamita 8 ndi akuya mamita 3. Kuwombera osiyanasiyana 10-35 Km. Zidutswa kuswa zipolopolo pa mtunda wa 10 mamita mukhoza nkhonya 6 mamilimita zitsulo zotchinga.

Pakuti zolinga ndi "mphepo yamkuntho" dongosolo? Launcher roketi lakonzedwa kuchita anthu oti magalimoto oti muli nazo zida, artpodrazeleny, miyala mwatsatanetsatane, kachitidwe mpweya chitetezo, Helicopters m'malo oimika magalimoto, malo aya ndi mipherezero asilikali mafakitale.

Ndendende MLRS "Smerch"

Wapadera dongosolo ndi osakaniza zizindikiro monga mphamvu, osiyanasiyana ndi olondola. MLRS yoyamba ndi kulamulidwa onsewo projectiles - ndi Launcher roketi "Smerch", limene alibe analogues mu dziko. mivi yake imakhala kunja kwa mzinda wa zolinga, umene uli 70 Km kuchokera mfuti. Latsopano MRL ayamba mu USSR 19 November 1987.

Mu 2001, "Mphepo Yamkuntho," dongosolo ndi m'mayiko amenewa (Soviet Union):

- Russia - 300 magalimoto;

- Belarus - 48 magalimoto;

- Ukraine - 94 makina.

The projectile ali ndi kutalika kwa 7600 mm. kulemera kwake ndi makilogalamu 800. mitundu yonse ndi yaikulu zotsatira zosokoneza n'koopsa. Kufa batire "mphepo yamkuntho" ndi "chimphepo" ofanana zochita za zida mwatsatanetsatane nyukiliya. Komabe, ntchito zawo si dziko za monga yoopsa kwambiri. Iwo ukugwira ntchito zida monga mfuti kapena akasinja.

Odalirika ndi amphamvu "Topol"

Mu 1975, pa Institute of matenthedwe Technology Moscow anayamba kukhala dongosolo mafoni angathe kukulozani maroketi ku malo osiyana. Zovuta kuzimvetsa anali dongosolo chida "Topol". Zinali kuyankha zikamera wa Soviet Union, anakwanitsa ndi US intercontinental mivi ballistic (iwo ayamba mu US mu 1959).

Mayesero woyamba adakwatira malo December 23, 1983. Pa wozengereza mndandanda wa imalankhula chida anasonyeza yokha ngati chida odalirika ndi amphamvu.

360 "Topol" maofesi inali mu 1999, madera khumi malo.

Chaka chilichonse mu Russia kukhazikitsa umodzi "Topol" zida. Popeza chilengedwe cha zovuta ndi zinachitikadi mozungulira 50 mayesero. Onse anapita popanda vuto. Izi zikusonyeza kudalilika apamwamba.

chigawo roketi Launcher "Tochka-U" anayamba kupanga ku Soviet Union kuwononga mipherezero yaing'ono. Ntchito pa chilengedwe cha mfuti anayamba March 4, 1968 ndi Watsimikiza Bungwe la nduna. Womanga anali Kolomenskoye KB. Chief Mlengi - SP Losagonjetseka. Pakuti zida ulamuliro dongosolo udindo CRI AG. Launcher opangidwa Volgograd.

Sam Kodi

Khazikitsani njira zosiyanasiyana za nkhondo ndi luso, amene ogwirizana pamodzi kuthana ndi njira kuukira mdani kwa mpweya ndi malo otchedwa odana ndi ndege chida system (ADMS).

Iwo ali m'magulu malinga ndi malo a nkhondo, zoyendayenda, malinga ndi njira kuyenda ndi aiming, pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Zikuphatikizapo chida dongosolo "Buk" ndi "Singano", "mavu" ndi ena. Kodi pali kusiyana pakati pa mamangidwe a mtundu wotani? Anti-ndege chida Launcher zikuphatikizapo njira kufufuza ndi kayendedwe, basi kutsatira mlengalenga chandamale, ndi Launcher pamwamba ndi mpweya mzinga, unit roketi kulamulira ndi thandizo lake, pamwamba pa zida kulamulira njira.