Kuwonjezera pa vuto ndi discounting ntchito. ankayendetsa zachuma mu chuma msika

Kudzera mwa chidwi ayenera kumvetsa kukula mtheradi wa phindu movutikira chifukwa cha ndalama. Iwo akhoza opatsirana m'njira ina iliyonse. Zingakhale zosiyanasiyana ankayendetsa zachuma. Mwachitsanzo, zagwiridwa nkhani ngongole, kuwayika ndalama mu akaunti chikole, kugulitsa katundu pangongole, kugula kalata ndalama, akapolo, bilu discounting, ndi zina zotero. Chofunika kwambiri ndi ubwenzi pakati pa mlingo wa Kuwonjezera pa vuto ndi discounting mlingo. Taonani zinthu zimenezi mwatsatanetsatane.

kulunjika

The chiwongola dzanja ndi kuchuluka wachibale wa phindu kwa ena (atathana) nthawi imeneyi. Iwo aumbike mwa chiŵerengero ndalama kukula ngongole. kayesedwe The ikuchitika ake kapena decimal wamba kapena kuchuluka. Pamene kusanthula ntchito ndalama, akatswiri ntchito kuchuluka wachibale monga chizindikiro cha mlingo wa mogwira (profitability) chilichonse malonda, chuma, ndalama, kukongoza ntchito. Pankhaniyi, izo zilibe kanthu kaya Khrisu kupatula ndi ndondomeko ya kuwonjezera mphamvu zawo, kapena sizinachitike. Nthawi, amene anapima mlingo peresenti, anatchula nthawi mawerengedwe. Iwo akhoza kukhala pachaka, kamodzi miyezi itatu iliyonse theka chaka, mwezi ndi ngakhale tsiku zina. Monga ulamuliro, ndi mulingo pachaka ntchito mchitidwe.

Nzeru ya discounting ntchito (accrual) likulu

Ndi mgwirizano pakati pa wobwereka ndi wokongoza, malipiro chidwi anapangidwa monga anapalamula, kapena aphatikizidwa olemekezeka kuchuluka kwa ngongole. Kuwonjezeka chuma pa nthawi chifukwa pophatikizana - ndi increment wa likulu. Njirayi imatchedwa akadali kuchuluka. Mlingo kuchotsera - ndi reciprocal la mlingo wa Kuwonjezera pa vuto. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti kuchepetsa kuchuluka zimene zikukhudzana ndi nyengo adzaimira yafupika ndi mlingo yoyenera kuchotsera. Zikatero tinganene kuti mlandu Akutsatira (Kuchotsera) mlingo. Chiwongoladzanja zimene zinatsala pa iwo, antisipativnymi, ndi iwo amene zayamba kuchuluka kwa kuwonjezeka anatchula dekursivnymi. Imeneyo ndiyo mfundo za discounting ntchito (accrual) likulu.

Features wa accrual

Nthawi zambiri, chabe amatchedwa peresenti chidwi dekursivnye. Pakuti mawerengedwe awo ntchito m'munsi lokhazikika. Pamene amatengedwa ngati mtengo umene wakhala analandira pa siteji wakale kuchepetsa kapena kuwonjezeka, chidwi pawiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Accretion ndi Discounting mu Zikatero chimachitika chitsanzo yeniyeni. Kuchuluka wachibale mwina atathana. Pankhaniyi, anatsimikiza mtima kukula mu mgwirizano. Iwo akhoza kukhala akuyandama. Pankhaniyi, pangano silimanena mlingo ndi tsinde kusintha mu nthawi imeneyi, komanso kuchuluka kwa gawo la - malire. inawo anatsimikiza ndi kukula kwa mawu ngongole, luso wobwereka ndi kulipira ndiponso mavuto ena. Ankayendetsa ngongole panthawi kungakhale variable kapena nthawi zonse. Ngati kuloledwa yachiwiriyo Chidwi yotsatana alipire. Mbali yoyamba mlingo chidwi (zovuta kapena zophweka) umagwiritsidwa ndi kuchuluka lenileni la ngongole alipo. Chimake chachiwiri ntchito ogula ngongole. Pankhaniyi, adzakwapulidwa ndalama zonse za ngongole zake osaphatikiza siriyo kukhwima. Zochita amagwiritsa ndalama apawokha. Iwo kupereka kwa nyengo zina za nthawi (miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, chaka chimodzi, etc.). Kuwonjezera pa vuto ndi discounting ntchito angathe kuchitikira mosalekeza, nthawi n'zochepa. Pankhaniyi, chiwerengero zimagwiritsa ntchito (mosalekeza).

Chilinganizo Kuwonjezera pa vuto ndi discounting

Mu kuchuluka kuchuluka kwa ngongole (ngongole madipoziti, ngongole zina kapena ndalama padera) ayenera kumvetsa buku loyambirira la ndalama ndi chidwi ndi mapeto a nthawi accrual. Choncho n'zotheka kudziwa:

• chidwi pa nthawi yonse - Ine;
• wapachiyambi kuchuluka kwa ngongole - P;
• kochulukira ndalama (kumapeto a nthawi) - S;
• chiwongola dzanja - Ine;
• nthawi ngongole - N.

Pa nthawi yonse chidwi adzakhala:

Ine = Pni.

Accretion kuchuluka anatsimikiza powonjezera ndalama koyamba ndi chidwi:

P + Ine = P + Pni = P (1+ ni) = S.

Zochita nthawi zambiri kupirira zosiyana. Pa Uwerenge S, amene ali azolipira pambuyo nthawi inayake imeneyi N, muyenera kudziwa kukula kwa ngongole, yemwe analandira - R. Zikatero pali discounting. mawerengedwe a ikuchitika pamene chidwi pa ndalama S udzachitike pasadakhale mwachindunji ndi issuance ngongole ya. Ndondomeko chidwi mawerengedwe ndi Kulipira kuitana mlandu. Okha chidwi amatchedwa kuchotsera kapena kuchotsera. Pakuti mawerengedwe ayenera ntchito aone kuti pali S = P (1 + ni). Kupeza P = S / (1 + ni). Choncho, P adzakhala kukula kwa S ano, N ndalama zambiri m'tsogolo zaka. kuwerengetsera amenewa akusonyeza mitundu yosavuta kuchotsera (Kuwonjezera pa vuto). Zikatero ndi zosinthika ya tanthauzo masamu a ndalama ndi. Monga Tingaone anapezazo ntchito zizindikiro, amene ntchito mu ntchito Kuwonjezera pa vuto ndi discounting.

Kutalika kwa nthawi

Kuwonjezera pa vuto ntchito ndi kuchotsera akhoza kuchita masamu ndi zapansi nthawi awiri. Ngati K masiku 360, inu mumatenga chidwi malonda kapena wamba. Mu ntchito nthawi leni la kalendala chaka cha 365 kapena 366 masiku ngongole chiwerengero enieni. Chiwerengero cha masiku ngongole akutengedwa bwinobwino pafupifupi. Zikatero, padzakhala masiku 30 mwezi. Chiwerengero chenicheni cha masiku zingadziŵike ndi kuwerengetsa chiwerengero chawo pakati pa masiku pamene ngongole ya inaletsedwa, ndi pamene tiyenera suzimitsidwa. Malinga Art. 839, Para. 1 wa Civil Code, masiku amene wakhala kutsegulidwa ndi kutsekedwa zopereka sali m'gulu nthawi okwana kwa mawerengedwe a.

Zosintha ntchito

Zochita ntchito njira zitatu Chidwi:

1. Enieni kuchuluka ndi nambala yeniyeni ya masiku. Pankhaniyi ife ntchito kalembedwe Ast / kapena Ast 365/365. Izi njira ntchito ndi mabungwe chapakati ndi lalikulu banki malonda mu United States ndi ku Great Britain. Njira imeneyi mawerengedwe limachititsa kupeza ndalama yeniyeni.
2. chidwi wamba kuchuluka enieni a masiku ngongole. Pankhaniyi ife ntchito kalembedwe Ast / 360 kapena 365/360. Njira imeneyi nthawi zina amatchedwa banki. Izo ntchito wotuluka pakati pa magombe m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kapena dziko limodzi. njira imeneyi, makamaka, ndi wofala Switzerland, Belgium ndi France. Ndi mawerengedwe izi timapeza ndalama penapake kuposa ndi kuchuluka enieni.
3. chidwi ochiritsira ndi chiwerengero labwino la masiku (360/360). Njira imeneyi ndi m'Matchalitchi mabanki malonda a Denmark, Germany, Sweden. Chotero chimake ndi ntchito pa nthawi imene zotsatira yeniyeni kuti muthe (mwachitsanzo, pa kuwerengetsera wapakatikati).

Mu ndondomeko ya pakuika gawo yochepa zina ndi mobwerezabwereza kubwerezabwereza zogwirizana chidwi accrual kumodzi wonse anakonzeratu nthawi. Choncho anachita ndalama reinvested analandira mu sitepe iliyonse ya kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ndalama ntchito variable kapena amodzi m'munsi.

kuchepetsa

Discounting akhoza ankaona ngati tanthauzo la mtengo wa chizindikiro zokhudza nthawi adziwitse kuti nthawi ina. Njira akutchulidwa ndi zina mtengo actuation, amangoona chachikulu, nthawi. Kuchuluka P analandira mwa kuchepetsa, kapena kutchula ubwino panopa m'tsogolo kukula malipiro tsiku. Malinga mtundu wa chiwongola dzanja ntchito Mabaibulo awiri kuchotsera pa:

1. Masamu njira.
2. Malonda (banki) nkhani.

Mu chimake choyamba zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, kachigawo kupeza wotchedwa discounting china. Izo zimanyezimiritsa chiwerengero cha ndilo kukula koyamba ngongole mu mtengo amalire. Pamene ntchito njira mlandu malonda a bungwe ndalama isanafike tsiku la bilu ya malipiro kapena malipiro ena udindo kugula izo kwa mwini pa mtengo wotsika kuposa mmene pepala. Choncho, kupeza ikuchitika kutenga kuchotsera nkhani. Pa kukhwima banki analandira ndalama, amazindikira chidwi ndalama mu mawonekedwe a kuchotsera a. Mwini wa pepala ntchito nkhani amatha kulandira ndalama pamaso pa tsiku lomalizira zafotokozeredwa izo.

Features ngongole

chitetezo Izi amaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a promissory cholemba. The promissory cholemba ali operekedwa malinga ndi zimene malamulo. Mfundo kupereka njira yapadera imene dzina pano, tsiku chifukwa, pamalo amene ndiyo, zambiri pa nkhaniyi, kutanthauza malipirowo, zokhudza tsiku ndi malo a pepala, siginecha cha mapepala a. debentures zimenezi zingakhale transferable ndi yosavuta. Yotsirizira ndi kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a zikalata kuti umboni wa chopanda malire udindo ndalama issuer kulipira wina kuchuluka kwa zopalira chitetezo cha kukhwima ndi udindo. Otchedwa transferable chikalata n'kukulemberani wobwereka. Sola - mawonekedwe malamulo yapadera Ltd. (banki mabungwe, kawirikawiri) kulipira ndi tsiku chifukwa chotengera cha (a gulu lina) muyezo winawake.

ngongole mlandu

Pakuti sheya ngati ntchito malonda (banki) njira. Malinga ndi chidwi ndi ntchito ngongole mawonekedwe a kuchotsera adzakhala masamu pa kuchuluka umene uyenera kulipidwa pa mapeto a nthawi. Mlandu chizindikiro Pankhaniyi amachita d. kuchuluka adzakhala ofanana Snd. N adzakhala amayezedwa zaka, ngati anthu d - ndi chiwongola dzanja pachaka. kuwerengetsera ziri motere:

P = S - Snd = S (1 - na-),

kumene N - zapakati pa tsiku la kulembetsa mpaka tsiku la kuthetsa wawo;

(1 - na-) - kuchotsera china.

Akawunti, monga ulamuliro, ikuchitika pa nthawi m'munsi amasiku 360, chiwerengero cha masiku ngongole akutengedwa zambiri zolondola.

asadziphe

Kuwonjezera pa vuto ndi discounting ntchito osati masamu pa chidwi yosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka si analipira yomweyo pambuyo cholusa, ndi zina mwa ndalama ngongole. Chotero kulumikiza amatchedwa capitalization chidwi. Mu mawerengedwe, mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zomwezo zimene zagwiritsidwa ntchito mmwamba.

Kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha chidwi wofanana ku Pihahiroti. Accreted kuchuluka adzakhala P + ku Pihahiroti = P (1 + i). Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka chachiwiri kumakhaladi P (1 + i) + P (1 + i) i = P (1 + i) 2 ndi zina zotero. Akamaliza, kuchuluka adzakhala N S = P (1 + i) N, ndi kuchuluka kwa nthawi ine = S - P = P [(1 + i) N - 1].

(1 + i) N - Chinthu Kuwonjezera pa vuto chidwi pawiri. Nthawi mu milandu chimaonekera ngati mchitidwe / kanthu. Kawirikawiri akuti chidwi accrual si inteja.

Yowerengera chidwi ndi kuwonjezeka njira

Mungachite zotsatirazi accrued pamene cholusa:

1. Yowerengera ikuchitika ntchito chiwerengero chonse cha zaka. Amatengedwa kuchokera chilinganizo chidwi pawiri. Kuyambira ubale peresenti losavuta kutenga mbali fractional nyengo.
2. Malinga ndi malamulo a ena mabanki malonda kwa chiwerengero cha ntchito, kuchuluka kwa chidwi wapatsidwa chokha chiwerengero chonse cha nthawi (zaka kapena nthawi zina).

Kuyerekeza zotsatira kuwonjezeka pa mitengo osiyanasiyana zizindikiro adzakhala okwanira kuchita tikayerekezera zinthu zogwirizana. Misinkhu wofanana mitengo peresenti magawanidwe a magawo awa zayamba amadalira nyengo. Pamene N> 1, ndi nthawi kusiyana elongation kwambiri. Kugwira ntchito ndi chidwi pawiri, ntchito ulamuliro 72: ngati chiwongola dzanja, ine, Uwerenge anawaonjezera kuwirikiza kawiri pa amapezeka pafupifupi 72 / Ine zaka. Mwachitsanzo, pa 12% izo zidzachitika pambuyo zaka 6.

Mwadzina ndi ogwira mlingo

Zinthu zamakono capitalization chidwi ikuchitika, monga ulamuliro, maulendo angapo mu chaka. Izi zikhoza kuchitika pa miyezi itatu iliyonse kapena ndi teremu. Mu ena nyumba yachilendo malonda banki ndi makhalidwe tsiku accrual. Ngati timatenga mlingo wa pachaka wa J, chiwerengero cha nthawi pachaka - m, nthawi iliyonse kuchuluka ena idzachitike pa J / m. Voterani J amatchedwa kuti mwadzina. Palinso chomveka (zothandiza) mlingo. Ndi pachaka pawiri chiwongola dzanja. Popeza kudakonzedweratu ntchito zotsatira mofanana ntchito mamita - kamodzi mawerengedwe chidwi J / m. amaona mlingo uwu wachibale ndalama weniweni, amene analandira kwa chaka chonse.

banki discounting

Mu njira mawerengedwe ntchito ndi mlingo malonda zovuta. Zikatero, kuchuluka kwa ndondomeko kuchepetsa ikuchitika ndi slowdown ena. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti nthawi iliyonse chiwongola dzanja si ntchito voliyumu yoyamba ya ndalama. Izo ntchito ndalama pa, Kuchotsera pa siteji kumayambiriro kwa imeneyi nthawi. Kugwiritsa mlandu chizindikiro limasonyeza mlingo wa kuchepetsa kwa chaka. mlingo uwu, nthaŵi zonse mamita> 1 ndi zosakwana mwadzina ndi.