Gulu la mafupa anthu. Gulu la mafupa mu dongosolo la

Zimfundo otchedwa mayunitsi mafoni mafupa zosiyanasiyana. A kusiyana khalidwe mitundu ina ya kaphatikizidwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana kapangidwe mafupa a thupi pamaso pa M'mimbamo makamaka wodzazidwa ndi madzi. Aliyense olowa idzafotokoza zingapo:

• chichereŵechereŵe (hyaline kupatula pawiri ndi kanthawi mandibular fupa) padziko;
• kapisozi;
• M'mimbamo;
• synovial madzimadzi.

Lingaliro ambiri zimfundo anthu

The makulidwe a chichereŵechereŵe wosanjikiza zingasiyane zoonda, za 0.2 mamilimita wandiweyani zokwanira - 6 mm. kusiyana yofunika iyi anatsimikiza ndi ntchito katundu olowa. Kwakukulu kuthamanga, ndipo sayenda zake, thicker hyaline pamwamba.

Gulu la mafupa anthu kumaphatikizapo kugawa iwo mu magulu angapo palokha kuzindikiridwa chizindikiro ofanana. Pali ziri:

• ndi nambala ya kali - losavuta, zovuta, pamodzi, Integrated;
• pa kasinthasintha nkhwangwa - uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial;
• mawonekedwe - cylindrical, trochlear, helical, ellipsoidal, condylar, saddles, ozungulira, mosabisa;
• pa kuthekera kuyenda.

The zosiyanasiyana osakaniza

Various chichereŵechereŵe pamwamba kuti ntchito inakula umakhala kuphweka kapena kuchulukitsa kwa kapangidwe ka pawiri lapansi. Gulu la mafupa (onani gome pa thunthu) amalola kuchita magawano awo mu losavuta, zovuta, kuphatikiza, zovuta.

Zambiri - yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa awiri pamalo chichereŵechereŵe, ndipo iwo akhoza kukhala popangidwa ndi mafupa awiri kapena kuposa. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo chapamwamba nthambi: phalangeal ndi dzanja. The oyamba aumbike mafupa awiri. The chachiwiri - imavuta kwambiri. pamwamba wina wa ku dzanja olowa ndi maziko a lamanja la mafupa atatu a proximal carpal mzere.

Zovuta - anapangidwa wa pamalo atatu kapena kuposa, anaikidwa kapisozi mmodzi. Ndipotu, ndi losavuta mfundo zochepa, akhoza kugwira ntchito pamodzi ndi payokha. Mwachitsanzo, chigongono olowa ali ochuluka monga asanu pamalo. Iwo ndi atatu palokha pawiri mu kapisozi limodzi.

Ena zimfundo mu dongosolo, kuwonjezera kwa waukulu, ndi zipangizo zina, monga mbale kapena menisci. Gulu la mafupa anawatchula kuti ndi zovuta. Mbale kugawana M'mimbamo olowa pawiri, motero chinapanga "mbewu" kugwirizana. Menisci ndi wa mawonekedwe ndi kachigawo. Onse zipangizo kupereka njira mzere m'mphepete mwa chichereŵechereŵe mu olowa kapisozi wachibale wina ndi mzake.

Gulu la mafupa mu dongosolo la allocates chinthu monga kaphatikizidwe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kugwirizana awiri osiyana, modziimira paokha, akhoza ntchito yekha pamodzi. Chitsanzo chabwino cha synergism ngati angatchedwe lamanja ndi lamanzere temporomandibular mafupa.

rotatable

mankhwala olowa kupereka chikhalidwe, ukulu ndi njira yodutsamo la fupa la munthu mafupa mwaulesi. Biomechanical kasinthasintha amapezeka pafupifupi nkhwangwa kuti angakhale angapo. Pakati pawo pali umodzi, sagittal ndi yopingasa. Gulu la mafupa pamaziko a kuzindikiridwa mitundu yambiri.

• Uniaxial - ndi olamulira umodzi wa kasinthasintha. Mwachitsanzo, zimfundo interphalangeal kulola flexion ndi kutambasuka kwa zala ndi magulu ena sizingatheke.
• Chitsulo chogwira matayala - nkhwangwa awiri a kasinthasintha. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi dzanja olowa.
• Triaxial - kayendedwe mu ndege n'kotheka - phewa, ntchafu mafupa.

The zosiyanasiyana

Gulu la mafupa mitundu ndi yaikulu kwambiri. Aliyense kugwirizana evolutionarily zoyenera, kuchepetsa katundu ndi kuonjezera ntchito.

• Cylindrical. Iwo ali olamulira umodzi wa kasinthasintha - kotenga. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pali mfundo cylindrical ndi malo amodzi padziko limene chikuzungulira mphete (Atlanta-olamulira), ndipo mosemphanitsa, monga radioulnar olowa.
• Ginglymoid - uniaxial olowa. Udindo ndi determinant mwachindunji dongosolo lake. pamwamba wina ali ndi zisa mawonekedwe, amene pamodzi ndi wachiwiri poyambira chichereŵechereŵe, potero kupanga lanu (interphalangeal mafupa).
• Mwauzimu. mtundu umodzi kugwirizana ginglymoid. Iwo ali chitsulo chogwira matayala wina ndi helical zina kuchepetsa. Chitsanzo ndi chigongono.

• Ellipsoid - imazungulira nkhwangwa awiri - ofukula ndi sagittal. Movement mu olowa izi mozindikira flexion, kutambasuka, adduction ndi atigwira (dzanja olowa).
• Condylar. Biaxial olowa. mawonekedwe ake ndi chidwi chichereŵechereŵe kwambiri otukukira kunja pamwamba pa mbali imodzi ndi lathyathyathya pa ena. Pomaliza ndi maganizo yaing'ono zingaoneke. Kwambiri konyezimira Mwachitsanzo - bondo olowa. Gawo chikutionetsera ndi mankhwala ena condylar mawonekedwe. Mwachitsanzo, temporomandibular olowa.
• Chishalo. Iwo aumbike mwa pamalo awiri - otukukira kunja ndi concave. Anapanga olowa ndi amasamukira pamodzi nkhwangwa awiri - ndi mazunzo ndi sagittal. Chitsanzo chabwino adzakhala metacarpal-phalangeal pawiri chala.

Mmodzi wa chachikulu kwambiri mu thupi - m'chiuno olowa. Gawo anamutcha spheroidal. Iwo ali mawonekedwe khalidwe. Movement ikuchitika monga nkhwangwa atatu osiyana. mtundu umodzi ndi ozungulira chikho woboola pakati olowa. Iwo ali matalikidwe m'munsi kayendedwe zotheka.

Gulu la mafupa ndi zimfundo kusiyanitsa magawano awo ndi dipatimenti. Mwachitsanzo, lamba wa m'munsi kapena chapamwamba miyendo Chigaza, msana. Yotsirizira tichipeza mafupa ang'ono - vertebrae. Zimfundo pakati pawo ndi mosabisa, anafooka koma amatha kuyenda pamodzi nkhwangwa atatu.

Articular pawiri la fupa kanthawi ndi mandibular

olowa Izi ndi kuphatikiza ndi Integrated. kayendedwe kumachitika imodzi pa dzanja lamanja ndi lamanzere. Zimakhala olamulira iliyonse. Izi ndi anaonetsetsa ndi anatengera nsagwada m'munsi kutafuna ndi kulankhula. M'mimbamo olowa ndi bisected ndi fibrous chichereŵechereŵe litayamba amene spliced kwa kapisozi olowa.

Kupweteka m'malo olumikizirana mafupa?

Mafupa mu thupi la munthu ndi ntchito yofunika - kusuntha. Pamene iwo athanzi, matalikidwe a kanthu ndi maganizo. Moyo wopanda zopweteka mumtima mwake ndi kusapeza zambiri zosangalatsa kuposa iwo.

Pali zosiyanasiyana matenda zimfundo ndi. Gawo ukugawa iwo m'magulu zizindikiro zenizeni, ndondomeko Kuvuta ndi chikhalidwe cha otaya (pachimake, subacute, aakulu). Pathologically wolemekezeka:

• arthralgia (molumikizana mafupa lokhazikika kapena kusintha);
• nyamakazi (kutupa);
• arthrosis (osachiritsika sizingasinthe kusintha);
• matenda obadwa nawo.

nyamakazi

A ambiri matenda bwanji chipangizo kutchulidwa, kuchititsa kuwonongeka kwa ntchito olowa. Gulu la nyamakazi allocates opatsirana, si opatsirana, zoopsa ndi ofanana (matenda ena). A mndandanda mwatsatanetsatane ovomerezeka mu 1958 pa Congress wa Rheumatology.

Opatsirana nyamakazi chikukhudza gulu lalikulu la matenda, pali yeniyeni imene inachititsa lethality kudziwika mitundu tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, monga tubercle Bacillus, kapena evolutive. Limatsindika matenda olowa ndi wolemba: Sokol-Buyo, spondylitis, Komabe.

Non-opatsirana nyamakazi komanso ndi dzina la dystrophic. Iwo nthawi zambiri ndithu, ndi etiology la anthu osiyanasiyana ambiri. Pakati zimayambitsa mwina obwera ndi ukalamba kusintha, ndi kungasokoneze zinthu zachilengedwe (hypothermia, amaika katundu), mahomoni ndi kagayidwe kachakudya matenda (gout, matenda a chithokomiro, amapatsira mwana wake ndi ena.).

Mantha nyamakazi kukhala zoopsa yosamveka, kuvulala zimfundo. Komanso, Iwo angachokere chifukwa kugwedera yaitali.

A ambiri nyamakazi limodzi ndi matenda ena osati zokhudzana ndi dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa. mitundu aakulu a psoriasis, zokhudza zonse lupus erythematosus, dermatitis - amatha kuchita mafupa onse ndondomekoyi. Komanso, nyamakazi chifukwa khansa, matenda a m'mapapo (sarcoidosis) , ndipo wamanjenje dongosolo. Poizoni Nthawi zambiri amayambitsa ndondomeko osachiritsika a malo.

arthralgia

Ululu, kugwirizana ndi ntchito malo wotchedwa arthralgia. Khalidwe anasonyeza yake weniweni kapena kwambiri, chokhalitsa kapena zosakhalitsa, bwanji chimodzi kapena zingapo mankhwala a chichereŵechereŵe. Matendawa zambiri zimakhudza mfundo yaikulu mu thupi: bondo, m'zigongono, ntchafu. Ang'onoang'ono anakhudzidwa kwambiri kamodzikamodzi.

Arthralgia nthaŵi zambiri pamakhalanso zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana matenda opatsirana, makamaka zikuchitika ndi zinthu thupi. Mu matenda a njira zosiyanasiyana ntchito kafukufuku kumangako anamnesis. Laboratory zikukhudza aŵerenga othandiza magazi kuundana m'magazi, komanso mayesero ena ndi mayesero.

arthrosis

Gulu la mafupa, kunyanyala nyamakazi, mwina okha umodzi awo kapena gulu lapadera. Palokha, matenda vutoli likupitirira zokwanira, popeza amagwirizana ndi chiwonongeko cha chichereŵechereŵe. Zimenezi zimabweretsa mapindikidwe zimfundo. Iwo imatsimikizirika kuti ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri chitukuko cha nyamakazi majini chingawapangitse kukhala zidakwa masewero - chibadwa. The chiopsezo cha matenda ndi anthu amene ntchito ogwirizana mwachindunji ndi katundu nthawi zonse pa mfundo :. Hairdressers, mpikisanowo, madalaivala, etc. Chifukwa angakhale matenda yaitali mahomoni mu thupi.

malformations kobadwa nako zimfundo

Popereka malformations kobadwa nako zimfundo ndi kusinthasintha kwa ofatsa kwambiri. Kusiyanitsa kuchuluka matenda neonatal. Zikuphatikizapo: arthrogryposis, pseudarthrosis Shin, kobadwa nako dislocation a m'chiuno kapena patella, ntchafu dysplasia, Marfan matenda (matenda autosomal).

Kupewa matenda a malo

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, matenda a minofu ndi mafupa dongosolo kwambiri mphamvu. Ngati kale zaka pafupifupi odwala anali wa zaka 55, tsopano chili pa 40.

Kupewa mavuto aakulu ndi moyo wautali popanda muzingochita kayendedwe, ndikofunika kuwunika thanzi akukhudzidwira ndi kugwira yake njira yokonza. Ndi kulamulira thupi, zakudya, osati zizolowezi zoipa ndi yaikulu zolimbitsa.