Heisenberg ndi njakata - khomo microworld ndi

Pamene achinyamata Maks thabwa anauza mphunzitsi wakeyo kuti akufuna kupitiriza kuchita sayansi ongolankhula, anamwetulira ndipo anamutsimikizira kuti Ine waphunzira kumeneko ziribe kanthu kochita - ndatsala ndekha "kuyeretsa akhakula." Kalanga ine! Achita Planck, Niels Bohr, Einstein, Schrödinger ndi ena. Chirichonse chiri mozondoka, ndi bwino kuti simungathe kubwereranso, ndipo patsogolo misewu. Komanso - kwambiri, pakati pa chiphunzitso ambiri chipwirikiti Mwadzidzidzi, mwachitsanzo, Heisenberg njakata. Pamene iwo amati, si zokwanira basi. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20, asayansi chitseko m'dera losadziwika wa particles pulayimale, ndipo pali alipidwa Newtonian zimango analephera.

Zingaoneke, "patsogolo", zonse zili bwino - kuti thupi, kotero ndondomeko yake. Mu "sayansi yachibadwa," inu nthawi zonse kutenga muvi ndi kukhazikitsa "poke" mu "wamphamvu" chinthu, ngakhale kusuntha. Kuzembera theoretically lilibe - malamulo Newton popanda kulakwitsa. Koma pano pali chinthu kuphunzira wayamba ang'onoang'ono - tirigu, molekyulu, atomu. Choyamba kutha kwa contours enieni wa chinthu, ndiyeno kufotokoza amapezeka Ziwerengero probabilistic mitengo pafupifupi kwa mamolekyulu mpweya, ndipo potsiriza, mamolekyulu ndondomeko ndi "pafupifupi", koma tikhoza kunena za molekyulu mpweya: mwina kuno, kapena uko, koma zambiri kwinakwake mderali. Nthawi zidzachoka, ndi vuto la Heisenberg njakata, koma patapita nthawi, koma pakali pano ... Yesani kugunda "ongolankhula Boom" mu chinthu ngati "unayambira zambiri." Ofooka? Ndipo kodi chinthu, kukula kwake, kuumba? Panali mafunso kuposa mayankho.

Nanga maatomu? Chabwino tsopano kudziwika mapulaneti chitsanzo anali akufuna mu 1911 ndipo nthawi yomweyo anachititsa ndi mafunso ambiri. Chief pakati pawo onse oipa elekitironi kanjira umachitika ndi chifukwa asagwe pa phata zabwino? Pamene iwo amati - funso labwino. Tikumbukenso kuti kuwerengetsera onse ongolankhula pa nthawi imeneyi ikuchitika pamaziko okonzera chakale - njakata Heisenberg wakhala si anapambana ndi zofunika kwambiri pa chiphunzitso cha maatomu. Zimenezi salola asayansi kumvetsa akamanena za zimango za maatomu. "Spas" Niels Bohr atomu - izo anamupatsa kukhazikika kopanda kuti elekitironi ali milingo yozungulira, pokhala pa chomwe alibe limatulutsa mphamvu, ie, Musataye ndi kugwa mu phata la.

Phunziro pa Landilani limati mphamvu ya maatomu wapereka kale kutsogolera chitukuko cha sayansi zatsopano - kwadzidzidzi, wayamba ndi Maks thabwa 1900. Iye anapeza chodabwitsa quantization mphamvu, ndi Niels Bohr anapeza ntchito kwa izo. Komabe, patapita chinapezeka amene analongosola chakale zimango chitsanzo cha maatomu tingathe kumvetsa macrocosm wolakwitsa mwamtheradi. Ngakhale nthawi ndi malo mwa mawu a dziko kwadzidzidzi zilinso ndi tanthauzo losiyana kotheratu. Ndi nthawi iyi ulendo wa sayansi ongolankhula kupereka masamu chitsanzo cha atomu mapulaneti inatha multistory ndipo n'kopanda phindu maikwezhoni. akayanjana pogwiritsa ntchito Heisenberg njakata ubale. Izi n'zosadabwitsa wodzichepetsa masamu akuti chimamanga njakata okhudza malo amene amayang'anira Δx ndi Δv liwiro tinthu misa mamita ndi Planck mosaleka H:.

Δx * Δv> H / mamita

Choncho chofunika kusiyana micro- ndi zazikulu: udindo ndi mathamangidwe wa tinthu yaying'ono osati wapezeka mu mtundu - naonso ali ndi chibadidwe probabilistic. Komano, ndi Heisenberg mfundo ku mbali ya dzanja lamanja lili yowona kwambiri mtengo zabwino, kutanthauza kuti mtengo wa ziro likuchotsedwa chimodzi njakata. Zochita izi zikutanthauza kuti mathamangidwe ndi malo a particles mu dziko subatomic nthawi zonse anatsimikiza ndi kulakwitsa, ndipo si ziro. Chimodzimodzi mbali yomweyo Heisenberg njakata kumumanga ena awiriawiri zogwirizana makhalidwe, monga mphamvu ndi nthawi njakata E Δt:

ΔEΔt> H

Akamanena mawu amenewa kuti n'zosatheka imodzi kuyeza mphamvu ya particles nyukiliya ndi nthawi imene iye ali ndi izo, popanda kumachitika kufunika kwake kuyambira muyeso mphamvu wapatuka nthawi imene mphamvu ndi mosintha anasintha.