Helianthus annuus: Features la kulima, kufotokoza ndi mitundu

N'zosadabwitsa kuyang'ana m'munda wokongola ndi mpendadzuwa - zomera, masamba omwe ali ofanana dzuwa ndi zithunzi za ana. Izi golide-chikasu chozizwitsa si chachikulu kwa chikuoneka koma ndi zothandiza kwambiri.

M'nkhani ino tikambirana chiyani ndi mpendadzuwa. Pachaka kapena osatha ndi chomera, mikhalidwe imene chikamakula, kodi mitundu, mitundu, mudzaphunzira ndi kuwerenga izo.

History kupanga mpendadzuwa mafuta inayamba mu England m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mochedwa. Kuyambira pamenepo, zosiyanasiyana ayipanga mitundu mpendadzuwa, chomwe chili ndi kukana mkulu tizirombo ndi matenda osiyanasiyana.

mwachidule

Helianthus annuus - izi ndi zofunika kwambiri mu dziko oilseeds. Kuthandiza ndi oyamikira chifukwa cha luso ntchito agronomic, m'pofunika kwambiri ndi yachonde. Osati kanthu Heraldry mpendadzuwa maluwa likuimira bwino ndiponso chonde. Komanso, n'zosadabwitsa ofanana dzuwa zomera nyengo iliyonse pamalo amalenga m'mlengalenga yowala ndi ofunda.

Mpendadzuwa wakula m'madera pafupifupi onse chonde ulimi monga zopangira kwa kupanga mafuta apamwamba masamba. Ndipo amanena monga nectariferous, mankhwala ndi yokongola zomera.

Iwo likukhalira kuti pali wina zachilendo kwambiri mtundu wake - mpendadzuwa tuber. Amaona mbewu masamba.

mafotokozedwe

Helianthus annuus (banja Asteraceae) - chomera ali wabwino mizu, ndi mofulumira kukulitsa nthaka mpaka masentimita 140 (ndi zinthu zapadera - mpaka mamita 5) ndipo m'lifupi pazipita -. 120 masentimita mbewu zake mapulaniwo mkulu (malo akuyesetsa ndi mamita 4), yokutidwa ndi tsitsi. Chowulungika masamba mtima woboola pakati lalikulu, ndi nsonga zisonga.

Inflorescence wa mpendadzuwa - ambiri-flowered dengu (m'njira mafuta awiri a 15-20 cm) ndi chimbale pang'ono otukukira kunja kapena mosabisa. maluwa Large ili pa m'mbali - asexual, bango, lachikasu lalanje ndi kwathunthu kuphimba medial cholandirira - bisexual, tubular, miyeso zayamba ang'onoang'ono.

Ndi mbewu kwambiri ambiri wakucha mpendadzuwa. Pachaka herbaceous chomera ali achenes zipatso, wopangidwa mwa pachimake ndi chipolopolo. Mpendadzuwa mbewu muli avareji 22-27% ya mafuta, pamene mitundu bwino - 46% kapena zambiri. mtanga umodzi, malingana ndi mtundu ndi chisamaliro chikhalidwe mpendadzuwa, ali 200 7000 achenes.

Nyamayi katundu kwambiri mankhwala (astringent, antiphlogistic ndi zina zotero.), Helianthus annuus. Chilinganizo cha duwa: * A (5) T (5) A1.

Mpendadzuwa mu Russia

Mpendadzuwa - lililonse mbewu ya steppe ndi steppe nkhalango mabacteria m'mikhalidwe aliyense nyengo. Kwa Russia chimachititsa pafupifupi 70% ya mbewu zonse za padziko lapansi. zomera ndi zazikulu oilseed mbeu zolimidwa ku Russia. Kwa mbewu yake, dziko limapanga edible ndi mafakitale mafuta.

Zotsala za processing nazonso sanataye: bagasse ntchito pokonza chakudya kwa ziweto; kuwapeza potashi phulusa mapesi ndi feteleza; atali kalasi (3-4 m) ndi mulu waukulu wobiriwira nakulitsa monga mbewu ndi silage.

mbiri chikhalidwe

Malo mbewu dera kum'mwera kwa North America. Mu Russia Helianthus annuus wa anayambitsa m'zaka za m'ma 18. kale ku Ulaya. Poyamba izo nakulitsa ngati chomera yokongola, koma anayamba ntchito mbewu mpendadzuwa ngati azichitira ndi, mogwirizana ndi zimene iye anayamba kulamulira kwambiri zabweretsa ku minda ndi minda ya zipatso.

Amadziwika kuti kulima mpendadzuwa ngati zomera maolivi mbewu m'munda amagwirizana ndi dzina la munthu wamba-serf Bokarev, poyamba mu 1835 mafuta kuchokera izo.

Makamaka ambiri mbewu mpendadzuwa anawagawira poyamba mu Voronezh ndi Saratov, ndipo kenako anaonekera mu zigawo zina Russian.

Helianthus annuus: moyo mawonekedwe

Mtundu wa mpendadzuwa pachaka nakulitsa anawagawa m'magulu 3:

• gryzovye ndi achenes lalikulu phata yaing'ono, choncho ali okhutira m'munsi mafuta. The pericarp wa mpendadzuwa olumikizidwa ku makina oti muli nazo zida wosanjikiza, zomera Komabe ndi mosavuta kuonongeka mpendadzuwa njenjete mbozi;

• oilseeds ali ang'onoang'ono achenes wa oti muli nazo zida wosanjikiza mu pericarp ndi;

• flaxes kuimira mitundu Transitional pakati oilseeds ndi mitundu gryzovymi.

Mu Russia, yaikulu chidwi mafakitale zosiyanasiyana oilseed mpendadzuwa.

Za mitundu mpendadzuwa

Helianthus annuus ali zosiyanasiyana mitundu kuphunzitsidwa nthawi yathu, kumvera zonse ndi zofunikira za ulimi alipo.

Kusiyanitsa oyambirira-kukhwima mitundu ya pakati ndi. Pali Mitundu kuti ankagwiritsa ntchito azikongoletsa munda ndi paki malo. M'munsimu muli mwachidule anapereka ena ambiri mu chikhalidwe cha mitundu ya mpendadzuwa.

Oyambirira-kukhwima mitundu

Mpendadzuwa mbalame ndi lodziwika kwa wokhutira ndi mkulu mafuta. Zosiyanasiyana ndi chilala zosagwira, osati amenable matenda ndiponso kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo. Mwangwiro kuyankha njira kwambiri kulima. zosiyanasiyana ichi chimakula cm 195 kutalika.

Busuluk lili 54% mafuta mbewu. Ndithu chilala kalasi ndipo ali ndi zokolola m'khola m'malo osiyanasiyana nyengo. Pamafunika feteleza feteleza ndi mbewu khalidwe. kutalika kwake ukufika 168 cm.

Mid-kalasi

The flagship zosiyanasiyana ali lalikulu zedi mbewu. Okhutira mafuta mu izo - 55%. Ndithu anakula mbewu, kufika 206 cm.

Favorit katswiri ndi okhutira mkulu mafuta - 53%. Osiyana kalasi ndi kugonjetsedwa ndi mafuta hydrolytic kuwola, mogwirizana ndi zomwe adalandira zopangira ali ndi asidi chiwerengero otsika. Chomera amamera cm 200 kutalika.

Master mkulu zipatso cultivar lili 54% mafuta achenes. Mwamwayi izo atamvetsera oyamba a feteleza yoyenera.

Onse a mitundu awa vysokotolerantny kuti Phomopsis kugonjetsedwa broomrape, mpendadzuwa njenjete ndi wabodza powdery cinoni.

A pang'ono mpendadzuwa tuber (Yerusalemu atitchoku)

Mtundu wamkulu monga chakudya, luso kapena chikhalidwe kukongoletsa. Zomera limakula bwino mu nyengo zambiri kum'mwera. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ukalamba wake kumachitika kokha kuchokera September mpaka November, malinga zosiyanasiyana ndi. zokolola Yerusalemu atitchoku mbewu matani 35 a tubers okhwima pa mahekitala.

Pali chomera wina umatulutsa ndizi - topinsolnechnik. Tubers lalikulu chowulungika ali ndi mpendadzuwa.

Kulima mpendadzuwa: zokwaniritsa

The zomera anafuna dothi, amene yabwino kwambiri chernozem ndi loam, loamy, olemera zosiyanasiyana zakudya. Zosafunika dothi mchenga. Kwambiri precursors kwa mpendadzuwa ndi kasupe balere, yozizira tirigu, chimanga ndi nyemba. Kachiwiri mu malo omwewo mpendadzuwa zofesedwa palibe kale kuposa zaka 7-9. Sikuti kubzala pamalo pa chaka chathachi mbewu kukula muzu Yerusalemu atitchoku udzu ndi osatha, ndicho pambuyo mbewu za matenda ofala.

Mpendadzuwa Yankho bwino feteleza. The tizirombo yoopsa kwambiri ya zomera ndi wireworms, kachilomboka-Krawczyk, shiponoska, mpendadzuwa barbel. Tizirombo ndi matenda (woyera zowola ndi dzimbiri) ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana: agronomic, mankhwala ndi makina.

yofesa

Monga nakulitsa Helianthus annuus? Kukula kwa mbewu mwachindunji kutchire - njira yaikulu. Iwo akhoza anabzala ndi chisanadze okonzeka mbande.

Ntchito kufesa mbewu zosiyanasiyana anamasulidwa ndi ndithu kumera mkulu ndi kufesa ena makhalidwe abwino. Mbewu zambiri kuti calibrated, chifukwa ndi yofanana ndi mphukira mofanana ochezeka ndipo izo kumawonjezera zokolola.

Onetsetsani kuti kufesa mpendadzuwa pambuyo Kutentha kwa nthaka ikhale kuti +10 ... +12 ° C, mwinamwake padzakhala kuchepetsa zokolola mbewu.

ndi chidwi

Helianthus annuus wakula padziko lonse. Koma mpendadzuwa - woona Russian mbewu anazindikira kunja. Mbali ya malo kumidzi awa maluwa chikasu wakuda, ili pa malo a mbewu.

Mu German mutu paki Europa-Park (Germany yaikulu ndi wachiwiri Europe mu mawu a chiwerengero cha alendo) ali zone Russian, kumene mpendadzuwa kukula. Ndipo mu Berlin, ena mwa malo ake, chilimwe zikukhazikitsa "mpendadzuwa ndikuyenda": munda mpendadzuwa ndi njira zosamvetsetseka. Mu Austria pali paki ndi mpendadzuwa zomera awa, ndipo zosiyanasiyana mitundu ndi mitundu.

Pomaliza

minda lalikulu yokutidwa ndi maluwa mpendadzuwa golide, zikuwoneka kwabasi, yowala ndi wansangala ngakhale mu nyengo sili bwino. Amene akufuna kukongoletsa infield awo ndi kulenga yemweyo owala, momasuka ndi wansangala m'mlengalenga mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito wokongola kukongoletsa mpendadzuwa pachaka.

Ali modabwitsa fluffy maluwa chikasu, amene ali pafupifupi mbewu wosaoneka. Ngakhale kalasi iwo ndi zabwino maina zofewa: Nyamuliranani, Teddy Nyamuliranani, Teddy Nyamuliranani, Teddy Nyamuliranani, Teddy Nyamuliranani. Inde, maluwa ndi golide mpira bwino, ngati ubweya pompom. mpendadzuwa awa, kumakhala m'malo chidwi mawonekedwe mabedi maluwa ndi ukufalikira yaitali.

Izi wokongola wodzichepetsa maluwa ndi pamakhala yowala chikasu kumabweretsa ku munda kwambiri kuwala, mwatsopano ndi mphamvu zambiri dzuwa.