Zima tirigu: kukula, processing ndi mitundu

Zima tirigu - mbewu wapatali chakudya. Ulimi wothirira amalenga kwambiri kukula yake ndi chitukuko zili zabwinobwino komanso kusintha hardiness ake, amene amathandiza yabwino mbewu umoyo.

Zima tirigu: kuthekera zokolola apamwamba

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono kwambiri mu UK kukula avareji 69,56 T / ha wa tirigu, pamene mu Netherlands - 81,2 m'ma / ha. mafamu ambiri amadziwa kuti tima luso yozizira kulima tirigu, pogwiritsira ntchito yothiriridwa dziko khola zokolola 60 kapena 70 quintals pa mahekitala. Zokolola apamwamba anafika centners 92,4 pa mahekitala.

M'mikhalidwe yabwino agro-nyengo akhoza ndithu kupeza zokolola ndithu mkulu. Zima tirigu amamva bwino pa m'mayiko yothiriridwa - amapereka yokolola mpaka makilogalamu zana pa mahekitala. chikhalidwe anali yothiriridwa mu kasinthasintha mbeu komanso wamkulu pa silo kapena chakudya wobiriwira ndipo anamasula pambuyo ntchito pambuyo kudula malo pansi mbewu mbewu monga chimanga, masamba ndi zomera forage.

mbali Tizilombo yozizira tirigu

Tirigu udzu wa banja, yozizira lili mbande, tchire ndi kuthamangira yophukira oipa. Pambuyo overwintering zomera chitukuko akupitiriza. Iwo akuyamba zosiyanasiyana za mfundo kukula. kukula amphamvu amadalira mphamvu ya masamba ndi mizu ya okhutira madzi a zimakhala. Full machulukitsidwe madzi koyenera kuti maselo kukhalabe turgor awo motsatizana, kuonjezera chiwerengero cha mazira kwa makutu m'tsogolo. Iyi ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri kwa moyo mbewu. Nthawi yovuta mu moyo yozizira tirigu chochokera chubu potulukira chikapsa lactic.

Kumayambiriro embryonic kuthirira pamaso atagona spikelets kumaonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbewu, ndi kuthirira maluwa kumayambiriro mapangidwe a kumawonjezera chiwerengero cha maluwa otukuka. Pa maluwa ndi umuna pamene nakweza zomera kupuma ndi zinyalala zinthu, zomera ali tcheru makamaka kutenthedwa ndi mphepo yotentha. mu nthawi ino akadakwanitsira athamangadi mpweya kutentha ndi 14-19 ° C, pa 35 ° C zomera ndi achepetsa dzuwa zokolola yafupika 20, ndi 40 ° C - 50%. Machitidwe chinyezi zoipa otsika ndi mphepo youma. Kukula yozizira tirigu pa maziko kukhudzana ndi kutentha ndi chinyezi amafuna tcheru.

Feteleza yozizira tirigu

Zima tirigu ndi mwachilungamo yaitali nthawi ya zomera, izo inam'thandiza kwambiri ntchito zakudya dothi. Komabe, kufunika mabatire, iye ali osiyana, malingana ndi nyengo zomera zikule. Choncho, yozizira tirigu umuna m'chaka ndi abwino.

Asafe n'kofunika pa nyengo kukula, koma kwambiri intensively ndi chosakanikirana ndi zomera mu magawo, atatuluka mu chubu ndi makutu. Feteleza yozizira tirigu n'kofunika m'chaka oyambirira, pa nthawi imeneyi chifukwa kutentha otsika ndi zotheka madzi njira nthaka nitrification akhoza kuletsedwa, ndi madzi umatsuka kutali nitrate asafe mu zigawo zakuya za nthaka, zomera akhoza kuona asafe ndi njala ngakhale kuti bwino ndi dothi awo. Ikufotokoza zotsatira mkulu ntchito pamene feteleza yozizira tirigu m'chaka molondola ikuchitika.

Pa kumera ndi woyambirira wa tirigu pamaoneka kufunika kwambiri phosphorous zakudya, izo kumapangitsa chitukuko yachibadwa a dongosolo muzu. Ndi chinyezi bwino kupezeka mizu amatha kulowa mu kugwa kwa akuya 1 mita, chimalimbikitsa hardiness yozizira tirigu. Phosphorus kumalimbitsa digiri zosiyanasiyana ndi ambiri mbewu pa khutu. Kusaona pa chiyambi cha kukula sangathe kulipidwa ndi makonzedwe chilichonse cha fetereza magetsi pa tsiku la mtsogolo.

The drawback wa mosavuta zidyeke potaziyamu m'nthaka panthawi kuyambira chiyambi cha kukula kwa maluwa zotsatira tirigu kwanthawi kwambiri mu kukula kwa zomera ndi zomera zikule kwanthawi - iwo kukhala womvera yofanana mu kutentha ndi chinyezi nthaka. riziki chokwanira cha phosphorous zomera ndi potaziyamu mu kugwa kumawonjezera hardiness yozizira tirigu, ndi okwanira wokwana wa asafe kumawonjezera zili mapuloteni mu njere. The owonjezera otsiriza, komanso kumwetsa chinyezi nthaka, zikubweretsa kudzala malo ogona.

yozizira tirigu

zigawo ndi obereketsa nthawi zonse munthu njira. Zosiyanasiyana yozizira tirigu wamkulu pansi ulimi wothirira ayenera kudzakhala poyankha fetereza mkulu, chinyezi zina dothi komanso kukana kunyumba ndi matenda a mafangasi.

Best tirigu ndi zofiirira ndi wakuda lapansi dothi kapangidwe ake, pafupifupi, zabwino aeration. Kuti ndi yozizira tirigu, udzafunidwa kwa dothi. Zosafunika chifukwa - mchere, compaction ndi madambo. mitundu Modern yozizira tirigu, ntchito malingana ndi dera, zotsatirazi:

• Tarasovskaya bristlecone - otukuka mu Voronezh ndi Rostov zigawo.
• Rosinka Tarasovskaya - mkulu ololera zosiyanasiyana.
• Kutchuka - kwa m'madera frosts mochedwa (dera Volga, ku North Caucasus mayiko).
• Severodonetsk chisangalalo (wamkulu pa Kuban, Krasnodar, Rostov mayiko mu North Caucasus).
• Spring Tarasovskiy - mwakula kumwera.
• August - mitundu chilala zosagwira.
• Bwanamkubwa Don.
• Don 105.
• Kamyshanka-3 - akulimidwa mu wotsika Volga.
• Nemchinovskaya-57 ndi 24.
• Moscow, 39 ndi 56.
• Galina.

Kalasi lomaliza mndandanda zabweretsa ku Black Lapansi, mbewu zawo ali mkulu kuphika khalidwe.

yozizira tirigu feteleza

Ndi ntchito lamanja la feteleza yothiriridwa ulimi yokolola ukuwonjezeka ku 40 70%. Feteleza yozizira tirigu kwambiri kuonjezera zokolola ndi mbewu khalidwe. Mu zatsopano za Institute of ulimi pa mbewu yothiriridwa dziko la yozizira tirigu kuchuluka kwa quintals 28,3 kuti 51,9 pa mahekitala.

Kuwonjezeka azipeza mlingo mulingo woyenera kwambiri asafe feteleza kum'mwera kwa dziko anali 10-10,6, kwa mankwala - 1.2-1.6, ndi kanthu mogwirizana - 12,1-16,9 T / ga.To kumeneko yozizira tirigu m'njira zosiyanasiyana kumva mabatire payekha. Pamapeto pa asayansi, potashi feteleza ayenera kukhala yekha pamene nthaka ya osachepera 300 mg / kg wa potaziyamu yam'manja.

Mlingo wa feteleza masamu bwino njira, zochokera mlingo anakonza yokolola, kupezeka kwa zakudya mu nthaka ndi koyefishienti wa digestibility wa zomera. Infestation yozizira tirigu kwambiri amachepetsa Mwachangu ntchito fetereza, kuchepetsa zokolola ukufika 12-15%.

An malo ofunika kwa kuwonjezera mphamvu ya feteleza zosiyanasiyana yozizira tirigu ndi yunifolomu kwambiri cm za kuthengo. Ndi chikhalidwe ichi ayenera kulankhula mosamala. Asafe feteleza kwa dzinja tirigu ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusankha, kutenga nkhani nthaka ndi nyengo zimene zinkachitika m'deralo, komanso zamoyo mitundu nakulitsa, mtengo wa zokolola anakonza.

Atakula mu dothi lolemera ndi sing'anga ndi zofunda tatikulu madzi nthaka ndi otsika nayitrogeni okhutira m'nthaka kuti bwino fetereza unagawanika - kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili za malamulo zofunika pansi mankhwala, ndi ena - mu kuvala pa mapeto a kasupe tillering.

Pa dothi kuwala, komanso katundu, ndi m'malo osaya pansi madzi imfa zotheka feteleza nitrogenous, kotero 30% wa mtengo pachaka ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa presowing kulima, ndi zina - mu kudya masika. Kumadera kumene asafe nkhokwe m'nthaka kuchuluka, kupanga nayitrogeni feteleza mu kugwa kosathandiza chifukwa zidzatsogolera ku escalation cha mbewu, thickening mbewu. Zikatero, 40% ya mlingo wa pachaka wa asafe ntchito mu kasupe oyambirira 60% - Patapita.

Asayansi ku Germany, Belgium, Great Britain ndi Austria ndikukhulupirira kuti alowe 80-95 makilogalamu / ha yozizira tirigu osafunika asafe feteleza zimathandiza kuti nthawi chisanadze kufesa, zina zonse mlingo asafe bwino kuonetsetsa pa umuna 3-4, ndi ntchito feteleza ayenera pamodzi kumayambiriro fungicides.

Yowongolera mbewu tirigu chakudya yozizira tirigu urea mu earing gawo. Mu Germany, pansi yozizira tirigu kupanga madzi manyowa pa mlingo wa kiyubiki mamita 20-30 pa mahekitala, kuziyika izo pamaso kubzala kapena pa nyengo kukula. Akatswiri ena a ku France ndi United States kuti kupeza phindu lochuluka 80 Deuteronomo / ha kwenikweni kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ulimi wothirira pamodzi ndi ntchito foliar feteleza kwa madzi chikhalidwe cha mtundu kuipidwa, zomwe zigwirizana macro- ndi micronutrients (Zn, mg Fe, B). Izi tirigu feteleza yozizira bwino khalidwe mbewu ndi kuonetsetsa kukula ndi centners 2-6 pa mahekitala.

tirigu

Cross-kufesa njira pa chilichonse mahekitala amapulumutsa makilogalamu 50-60 mbewu, kuchuluka kwa zokolola tirigu poyerekeza ndi chatsekedwa akufa pochita kufesa ukufika quintals kawiri pa mahekitala. Choncho, yozizira tirigu afesedwa mtanda, anatseka akufa pochita, lamba ndi razbrosnym njira. Ambiri ochiritsira njira - ndi timipata wa masentimita 15, kugwilizana ndi tramline lapansi.

Pamene munda ikuchitika theka-nyenyezi yaing'ono yozizira tirigu mitundu, izo tikulimbikitsidwa atatu mzere lamba kufesa, amene amathandiza kuwonjezeka zokolola poyerekeza ndi mzere yofesa. Anachita bwino ndipo Anachotsa seeding, yomwe ikuchitika ndi kusakaniza mbewu za mitundu nyenyezi yaing'ono ndi ochiritsira. Chifukwa longline ndi mbewu nyumba kusintha 10-15% phytoclimate ali bwino, zomwe zimapangitsa mabuku kwambiri, yosafuna ndi ntchito lokhalamo nkhokwe chinyezi, kuchepetsa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kutentha, motero kukula pa 8-24% kukana tirigu ndi Mwachitsanzo, muzu niivunda.

yozizira mbewu tirigu ndi kwambiri amadalira kufesa nthawi. Tsiku lililonse anataya moyo kumachepetsa zokolola tirigu ndi makilogalamu 20-60. yozizira tirigu seeding zichitike nthawi. Makamaka zikuchepa kumachepetsa kufesa mbewu mu October, kuposa chomwe anatani korotkostebelchatye mitundu amene amafuna ndi tsiku lomalizira kale. mbewu Small ayenera afesedwa osaya, ndi lalikulu - zakuya. Osaya kukhazikitsidwa mu mbewu nthaka ikuchitika seeders mpweya kapena mayunitsi amaphatikiza, kumalimbikitsa kwambiri kuwonjezeka kwambiri zokolola za mbewu.

Yobzala ponseponse mfundo zimadalira kukula zosiyanasiyana, mbewu, kufesa madeti ndi kukula dera. Seeding mlingo ayenera kusiyanitsidwa komanso malingana ndi mlingo wa kuipitsidwa wa kumunda.

Care mbewu

Care mbewu kumaphatikizapo potero, kuchititsa feteleza, masika wotopetsa kulimbana ndi malo ogona komanso namsongole ndi tizirombo ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Kumadera ndi zambiri chipale chofewa posungira ayenera kuchitidwa, amene bwino wintering zomera kumawonjezera chinyezi nkhokwe nthaka. Spring kusamalira mbewu ikuyamba ndi umuna ndi mphukira lalikulu. M'minda, amene anakonza kuti ulimi kukula, wotopetsa ziyenera kuperekedwa kutenga nkhani makhalidwe a maukonde ulimi wothirira. Pamaso pa n'kupanga yothiriridwa akhale wotopetsa okha pamodzi kubzalako; mu mizere ya bwino akamagwira wotopetsa makina khasu.

Pamaso pa maudzu mu mbeu ya processing yozizira ayenera idzachitika herbicides tirigu. Isanafike mbewu ndi sprayed mu chubu. Mu nthawi yomweyo, mbewu ayenera kulandira chithandizo ndi powdery nguwi kapena tsamba dzimbiri. yozizira tirigu matenda ankachitira ndi mankhwala zokhudza zonse ndi "Bayletonomil" ndi "fundazol".

Ngati mbewu ndi chinch cholakwika, aphid, ulendo, piyavitsy, njira ntchito "Metaphase" kapena "phosphamide" 40%. Kusamalira Ntchito mbewu ya tirigu ayenera kuphatikiza ndi kuzikwaniritsa kawiri kapena katatu, amene amapulumutsa ndalama, ntchito ndi nthawi. mbewu processing desirably ikuchitika pa madzi okwanira kaphatikizidwe ntchito wothandizila awa ndi madzi ulimi wothirira.

Yafupika yozizira tirigu zimatengera mphamvu ndi nthawi ya mbewu malo ogona ndi akhoza kufika pansi ulimi wothirira 25-50% ya ndalama ntchito, ndipo limatanthauza kukolola limakula katatu, ndi khalidwe la mbewu ndi kwambiri yafupika. Ntchito Turan pa dziko yothiriridwa kwenikweni mulingo woyenera mlingo wa mankhwala ndi makilogalamu atatu / ha a.i. Chithandizo ikuchitika pa mapeto a tillering. Pa cultivars sachedwa ogona, kupanga ponseponse lalikulu, ndi pa zina - ang'onoang'ono. Processing ulendo korotkostebelchatyh yozizira tirigu cultivars ndi kosathandiza.

ulimi wothirira

Ulimi wothirira - chinthu chachikulu mu mkulu zokolola za yozizira tirigu mu zigawo zonse zitatu za kulima ake. Kuwonjezeka tirigu ulimi wothirira zokolola - ndi luso kulima yozizira tirigu, mphamvu ya chikhalidwe ulimi wothirira kumawonjezera ndi wake Co-ntchito ndi feteleza pa.

Pamene yozizira tirigu kukula ayenera kupereka chinyezi akadakwanitsira nthaka kumera mwamtendere ndi yachibadwa chitukuko yophukira zomera. Izi zimatheka presowing kapena kuthirira chikhalidwe. phindu zimasiyanasiyana m'madera osiyanasiyana ulimi. Kumadera kumene mvula zambiri mu kugwa ndi akuwukha kwambiri nthaka mpaka masika, kuthirira mwamphamvu amachepetsa. Kumadera ndi yophukira youma ndi osakwanira chinyezi nthaka mvula yoyambilira ya nyundo kuthirira ndi ovuta mkulu zokolola yozizira tirigu.

Mu kukhazikitsa mitengo ulimi wothirira ayenera kuganizira mozama za M'maso mchere ndi milingo pansi. Ulimi wothirira madzi ayenera sangafikire mchere zobala kaja, kuyambira kusungunuka salt akhoza kuuka kwa capillary panopa ndi nkhaka nthaka wosanjikiza kumene mizu ili. Kuthirira operewera pa mlingo pafupi a pansi. Kugwiritsa mitengo ulimi wothirira zingachititse waterlogging. Kuthirira mogwira pansi akuya 3 mamita kapena kuposa. Pa akuya mamita chimodzi ndi theka dothi kuthirira m'malo ulimi wothirira pamaso kubzala. Kufunika kuthirira pambuyo kumera kumachitika zinthu youma ndi kugwa pa maiko ndi zakuya tebulo pansi. NTHAWI YOCHITA ulimi wothirira tiyenera kuyesetsa ndi nthawi yofesa yozizira tirigu, maofesi madzi zida ulimi chikhalidwe kuyeretsa nthawi.

kukolola

The momwe akadakwanitsira nthawi kukolola yozizira tirigu - otchedwa sera chikapsa wa mbewu ya tirigu. Sitepe kumachitika pamene zili mbewu mkulu youma mankhwala. Senikatsiya (kupopera kukolola) mbewu kumathandiza kuti kusasitsa chikhalidwe bwino, kumawonjezera zokolola za yozizira tirigu, kotero muyenera kuyesera amatha poyeretsa mu nthawi yaifupi ndi imfa osachepera zotheka.

Sikuyenda zokolola kuchepetsa zomvetsa ake ndi kukhala mkulu khalidwe mbewu. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kumanga kukolola yozizira tirigu ndi masiku woposera khumi kutsogolera kuchepetsa kwambiri ya zokolola tirigu quintals kawiri pa mahekitala, koma zili pa mapuloteni chomwecho mu njere yafupika peresenti theka.

njira zachilengedwe

yozizira kulima tirigu njira, komanso kupanga chilichonse alimi ambiri zinthu:

• zachilengedwe - mwachindunji dzuwa mphamvu, mumlengalenga kutentha, madzi mu mawonekedwe a mpweya, nthaka;
• ndalama mwachindunji mphamvu kwa kupanga mankhwala luso linalake kapena kumalo a ntchito;
• ndalama mozungulira mphamvu, amene ntchito mu njira zamakono mbewu kulima m'munda wa chopereka, processing ndi kusunga.

M'dziko pali chizolowezi cha kupoletsa overruns mphamvu. Kuti tipeze 1% ya GDP mu ukuwonjezeka m'mudzi ntchito mphamvu% 2-3. nthaka mankhwala ndi njira za makolo ndi mtengo kwambiri. Njira imeneyi mu zaka zingapo zapitazi zapangitsa kuti kuchepa mu humus ndi kunyoza nthaka. mumaganiza Global mu chitukuko cha yozizira tirigu, kusintha luso kulima mumsewu wopita ku ulimi ndalama.

mahekitala oposa mamiliyoni 124 a dziko lapansi ikumasuliridwa yosalekerera luso. Imodzi mwa miyeso kusintha mphamvu Mwachangu ndi mphamvu zopulumutsa ndi kusintha kwa minda nzeru zatsopano - zitsanzo zachilengedwe ndi zachuma kupanga imayenera ndi ndende ya mphamvu zamakono ndi matekinoloje gwero kupulumutsa anthu. matekinoloje monga: mbewu mulching, seeding mwachindunji ulimi dzuwa. chitukuko yozizira tirigu amapereka oyamba matekinoloje.

The ntchito zinyalala, sipangakhalenso zopezera ulimi, kuti mwa kugwiritsa ntchito pa ntchito mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa padziko lonse. Makamaka kulima tirigu pa tani tirigu kutulutsa matani 2 udzu. Kuyambirira akanadulidwa udzu makamaka kulima malo kubwezeretsa chonde. Koma gawo la udzu angagwiritsidwe ntchito kutembenuza mu mphamvu briquettes.

Tirigu - ndicho chakudya chikhalidwe m'mayiko ambiri, chifukwa kufunika kwapadera zakudya za tirigu ndi kapangidwe kake wolemera. Kodi yozizira tirigu kukula bwino, ndi pachikhalidwe ŵa mbewu. Izi Republic of North Caucasus, m'chigawo chapakati Black Lapansi, Ukraine. Zima tirigu mwangwiro amagwiritsa chinyezi ya nyundo ndi masika, tchire, kupsa m'banda, ndipo kuli anakhudzidwa ndi chilala komanso mphepo youma.