Highway. misewu Russia

Msewu wapamwamba-wothamanga ... Nthawi zambiri mawuwa amapezeka! Tonsefe timamvetsa mozama zomwe ziri, koma nthawi zambiri sitidziwa kuti misewu yothamanga kwambiri ndi yotani, ndiyomwe ikuloledwa kupita, ndi angati obaoba ali ku Russia. Tiyeni tiwone mbiri ya magalimoto, zamakono komanso zamtsogolo.

Mbiri ya maonekedwe

Njira yoyamba imayambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazo ku Italy. Mu 1924, linagwirizanitsa mizinda iwiri ikuluikulu - Milan ndi Varese. Kutalika kwa msewu kunali 85 km. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mawu akuti "freeway" ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu ambiri ochokera ku Italy. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2100, misewu yoposa makilomita 6,000 inamangidwa m'dzikoli.

Dzina lina lotchuka pamsewu - "Autobahn" - linawonekera ku Germany. Mu 1932, msewu waukulu wotchedwa Cologne ndi Bonn, kutalika kwake unali makilomita 20 okha. Chochititsa chidwi: ku Germany mpaka 1941, misewu yoposa makilomita 3,500 inamangidwa. Masiku ano, dzikoli lili ndi makilomita oposa 13,000 pamsewu.

Pakadali pano, msewuwu ndi njira yamagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Malo otsogolera pomanga misewu yotereyi imagwidwa ndi China. Kutalika kwawo kumayambiriro kwa 2015 kunali pafupifupi 112,000 km.

Ku Russia, kumanga misewu yothamanga kwambiri ikuwerengedwa kuyambira nthawi ya USSR. Tsoka ilo, sikutheka kuwerengera misewu yowonedwa. Kwenikweni, msewu waukulu wothamanga ku Russia ndi mbali zosiyana za misewu yowongoka.

Magalimoto

Kodi ndi njira iti imene imatengedwa mofulumira kwambiri ku Russia? Msewuwu ndi msewu wokhala ndi chizindikiro china, chomwe chiri ndi njira zingapo zamagalimoto m'misewu yonse, yosiyana ndi mpanda wapadera kapena mzere wogawanitsa. Msewu umenewu sungapangidwe ndi ena pa msinkhu womwewo (njira iliyonse yotsegulira imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mlatho kapena pansi).

Pamsewu wapamwamba kwambiri, oyenda pansi, nyama ndi njira zina zoyendetsa zimaloledwa, liwiro lakelo siliposa 40 km / h. Izi zimaphatikizapo njinga, mopewera, matrekta ndi magalimoto ena omwe amadzipangira okha. Komanso, saloledwa kusiya kuyendetsa pagalimoto, ndipo magalimoto ndi magalimoto amaletsedwa kuima m'malo osayimika.

N'kosaloledwa kutembenuka ndikulowa m'magawo ogawanitsa, kuyenda molakwika komanso kuyendetsa galimoto. Kotero, kupita ku msewu waukulu, samalani ndipo osaphwanya malamulo.

Magalimoto a Russian Federation

Njira zazikulu ku Russia zimayamba ku Moscow. Izi zikusonyeza kuti misewu yambiri inamangidwa m'nthaŵi ya Ufumu wa Russia ndi kukonzedwanso ku zofunikira zamakono. Kuwonjezeka kwa maukonde awo ku mbali ya Ulaya ya dzikoli ndipamwamba kwambiri. Misewu yayikulu imachokera ku Moscow. Kumtunda kwa kumpoto, osachepera kwambiri ndi misewu ya misewu. Kumadera akum'mawa ndi ku Siberia District, misewu yambiri imayenderana ndi misewu yayikuru. Ndi mizinda yina iliyonse, uthenga ukhoza kuthekera m'chilimwe, komanso ngakhale mpweya.

Misewu ya ku Russia ili ndi makilomita 1,396,000, ndipo misewu yovuta-984,000 km. Malinga ndi lamulo la kayendedwe ka misewu, iwo ali ndi magulu osiyanasiyana ndipo ali ndi katundu wa mwiniwake osati dziko lokha, komanso akhoza kukhala mu ofesi ya a Russian Federation, komanso anthu apadera. Izi zimaphatikizapo federal, dera ndi ma municipalities, misewu. Palinso misewu yapadera.

Njira zamtengo wapatali

Misewu yamagalimoto ya federal kufunika imakhala ndizitsulo zolimba ndipo ikhoza kukhala yothamanga kwambiri. Mndandanda wawo ukuvomerezedwa ndi Boma la Russia, iwo ndi katundu wa boma. Misewuyi ili ndi chiwerengero china ndi kalata yotsogolera. Ndani mwa iwo ali federal?

Choyamba, iyi ndiyo njira zonse zogwirizanitsa likulu la Russia - Moscow - ndi mitu ya mayiko oyandikana nawo, komanso ndi malo otsogolera a ku Russia. Njirazi zili ndi chiganizo "M", zikuphatikizapo:

- M1 "Belarus" - "Msewu waukulu wa Minsk" - kulumikiza Moscow ndi malire ndi Russia Belarus.

- M2 "Crimea" - yomwe inagwirizanitsa njira ya Ulaya E105 ndi Moscow, Tula ndi Kharkov.

- M5 "Ural" - yomwe ili ndi kutalika kwa 1,897 km ndikugwirizanitsa Moscow ndi Chelyabinsk.

Chachiwiri, awa ndi misewu yomwe imagwirizanitsa zipangizo zina. Ali ndi chiyambi "P":

- Р22 "Kaspiy" ndi imodzi mwa misewu yakale kwambiri, yomwe ili ndi kutalika kwa 1,381 km. Ndilo gawo la njira ya ku Ulaya E119, yomwe imadutsa mumzinda wa Moscow, Tambov, Volgograd ndi Astrakhan.

- Р504 "Kolyma" - kutalika kwaposa 2000 km. Ndi msewu waukulu wa Far East. Kudutsa ku Yakutsk kupita ku Magadan.

Chachitatu, pali misewu yolumikizana ndi njira zomwe zingagwirizanitse mizinda ndi nyanja kapena mtsinje, maulendo a ndege kapena malo oyendetsa sitimayo, komanso malo ena oyendetsa galimoto. Zonsezi zimasankhidwa ndi chingwe choyamba "A".

Kuyambira pa 1 January, 2018, mndandanda watsopano wa misewu ya federal ku Russia yayamba kugwira ntchito . Sipadzakhala kulekanitsidwa kwa misewu mu thunthu ndi ena. Zosintha zinapangidwanso ku chiwerengero ndi mayina a misewu. Posachedwapa, kuthamanga kwa msewu waukulu kudzakhala 130 km / h.

Msewu "Moscow - Noginsk"

Mtunda wochokera ku Moscow kupita ku Noginsk uli 58 km chabe. Njirayi kuti ikhale yodutsa imadutsa mumsewu waukulu wa M7 "Volga", wochokera ku Moscow kudzera ku Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, ndi kutha ku Ufa. Msewuwu ndi wofunikira ku federal. Silingadzitamande ndi mphamvu yaikulu, tsopano ikhoza kuyendetsa magalimoto 3 mpaka 7,000 pa tsiku. Chifukwa cha izi, nthawi zambiri pamakhala magalimoto ndi kusokonezeka pakhomo la Moscow.

Poona magalimoto ochulukirapo, boma linaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito msewu waukulu wopita ku Moscow-Noginsk. Njira iyi idzakhala njira ina ya M7 ndipo idzaperekedwa.

Ndalama zam'mbuyo zowonongeka zakhala zotchuka kwambiri m'mayiko otukuka, tsopano zatembenukira ku Russia. Ntchitoyi inakhazikitsidwa mu 2014, komaliza kukonza mu 2017. Ndi njira iyi yomwe ingakuthandizeni kumasula njira zoyendetsera polojekitiyi ndikulola anthu a Noginsk kuti apite ku likulu mu 20-30 mphindi. Izi zidzathandiza kwambiri anthu ogwira ntchito ku Moscow.

Msewuwu "Moscow - Noginsk" udzakhala ndi magalimoto 30,000 patsiku. Pokhala ndi makilomita 6 mu njira imodzi ndi liwiro la 120 km / h, msewu waukulu udzakuthandizira kuchepetsa nthawi yaulendo ndi kuwonjezera mikhalidwe yabwino kwa madalaivala. Mtengo wa ulendo pa msewu wotere sunadziwike - kaya udzakhazikika, kapena udzadalira mileage. Panthawiyi, chifukwa cha ndalama zochepa, msewu wapamwamba kwambiri umangopangidwa pang'ono.

Njira "Moscow - St. Petersburg"

Panthawiyi, St. Petersburg ndi Moscow akugwirizana ndi msewu waukulu wa federal M10 E105 "Russia", womwe unakhazikitsidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1900. Kugwirizana kwa mitu iwiriyi kunakonzedweratu ndi Peter I ndikukwaniritsa ntchito yake, yomwe idasokonezedwa ndi kayendedwe ka madzi. Lero kutalika kwa msewu ndi 706 km. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwazing'ono komanso kuthamanga kwapansi pa njirayi, chisokonezo chimapezeka. Tsiku limodzi pamsewu likukwera kumagalimoto 130-170 zikwizikwi, ndipo liwiro la magalimoto pamene likuyandikira ku Moscow ndi 10 km / h. Chifukwa cha izi, zaka zingapo zapitazo ntchito yomanga Moscow-St Petersburg Expressway M11 inaonekera.

Njira "Moscow - St. Petersburg" idzaperekedwa pang'ono. Kutalika kwake kudzakhala 684 km, ndipo kumalowa m'malo mwa M10 njira lero. The mainline ikukonzekera kukhazikitsidwa mu 2018. Pakadali pano, malo ambiri adamangidwa: kuyambira 15 mpaka 58 km kuchokera Moscow mpaka Solnechnogorsk komanso kuchokera 258 mpaka 334 km - kudutsa Vyshny Volochok kudera la Tver.

Poyendetsa msewu waukulu, nyengo ikuyenera kuganiziridwa. Zigawo zinayi zomwe njirayi imakhala ndi nyengo yosiyana: Moscow ndi Tver ndizokhazikika ku continental, ndipo Novgorod ndi Leningrad ndizomwe zimachitika m'madera osiyanasiyana. Kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pamsewu ndipo, motero, kulepheretsa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Choncho, ndikofunikira kuti tifikire kusankha kosanja. Kuchokera pazimenezi kumadalira tsogolo la njirayo.

Msewu waukulu wa Moscow-St. Petersburg udzakhala ndi misewu 2 mpaka 5 kumbali iliyonse ndi liwiro la 150 km / h. Izi zidzafupikitsa nthawi pakati pa mizinda ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira kwa madalaivala. Malingaliro akuti mtengo wa ulendo pa msewu waukuluwu udzakhala pafupifupi makapu 1200. Chilichonse chidzadalira nthawi ya tsiku ndi gawo lina la njirayo. Motero, msewu wa "Moscow - St. Petersburg" udzakhala msewu wachiwiri wopita ku Russia. Zifunikira kuwonetseratu kuti msewu wopangidwa ndi 60 peresenti yomwe ikukumangidwa idzaperekedwa, pomwe msewu waukulu wamtunduwu wa M10 ungagwiritsidwe ntchito.

"Moscow - Beijing" - yang'anani zamtsogolo

Loto loti kumangiriza Kumadzulo ndi Kummawa nthawizonse lawala m'mitima ya anthu osangalatsa. Pakadali pano, kukonza msewu waukulu wothamanga kwambiri womwe ukugwirizanitsa Moscow ndi Beijing wapezeka. Mu 2014, chilolezo chinalembedwa pakati pa Russia ndi China pomanga msewu waukulu wa Moscow-Beijing.

Lero sitimayi yolumikiza maiko awiri ili pamsewu kwa maola 130 - ili masiku asanu ndi limodzi. Pogwiritsa ntchito polojekitiyi, ndizotheka kuchokera ku Beijing kupita ku Moscow masiku awiri, ndikugonjetsa mtunda wa makilomita 7,000 pamtunda wa 350 km / h. Kugwirizana ndi Chitukuko cha Chitchaina cha China chidzabweretsa chitukuko chachuma cha China ndi Russia, ndipo chidzakhala mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa Ulaya ndi Asia.

Kuwonjezera apo, msewu "Moscow - Beijing" udzathandiza kuti pakhale chitukuko cha District Urals Federal. Adzagwirizanitsa malo omwe ali m'mizinda monga Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk, komanso Astana (Kazakhstan), Urumqi ndi Beijing. Ntchito yaikulu komanso yaikulu ndiyo kugwirizanitsa msewu waukulu wothamanga wa Moscow ndi Kazan. Kuti izi zitheke, dziko la China lidzapereka luso lake ndikugulitsa $ 10 biliyoni. Akonzekera kukwaniritsa ntchitoyi pofika mu 2030.

"Moscow - Kazan" - ikufulumira

Msewu waukulu wothamanga "Moscow - Kazan" idzakupatsani mpata wochepetsera nthawi yomwe ilipo mpaka maola 3.5. Kuonjezeredwa kwa Yekaterinburg kudzafika mtunda wa 1595 km mu maora 8. Zimakonzedwa kuti zisamukire ku 400 km / h pamsewu waukulu wa sitimayi. Ma sitima am'derali adzayenda pamtunda wa makilomita 200 pa liwiro la 200 km / h.

Akukonzekera kugwiritsa ntchito maulendo obwera usiku kwambiri, komanso katundu wonyamula katundu. Zizindikiro za Velocity zidzakhala 160 km / h. Kukwaniritsidwa kwa sitimayo "Moscow - Kazan" ikukonzekera mu 2018. Kodi kumanga kwake kudzapereka chiyani? Choyamba, chidzapereka ntchito kwa anthu. Akatswiri amanena kuti kumanga msewu mumtsinje kudzathandiza kulimbikitsa mafakitale onse. Kilomita imodzi ya msewu wa njanji idzafuna pafupifupi 16,000 cubic mita za miyala yabwino, pafupifupi matani 15,000 zapamwamba za konkire, matani 125 a zitsulo ndi matani 25 a nsalu. Kupeza zipangizozi kuchokera ku mayiko ena kudzafuna ndalama zochuluka, zomwe zidzaonjezera mtengo wa polojekitiyo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndikofunikira kukonzanso makina opangira kupanga ndikulitsa khalidwe lawo pomwepo. Makampani apamalonda akhoza kuthana ndi ntchitoyi ndi kupereka nthawi yaitali ntchito ya anthu.

"Moscow - Don"

Msewu waukulu wa federal "Moscow - Don" M4, wotchulidwa kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazi, unamangidwa mu 1967. Panthawi imeneyo njirayo inatha kuchokera ku likulu likulu kudzera ku Voronezh ku Rostov-on-Don ndipo inali ndi misewu iwiri ya magalimoto 7 mamita. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1991 njirayo inapitilizidwa ndi makilomita 500, ndipo malo ake omaliza anali Novorossiysk. Choncho chifukwa cholowa mbali zosiyanasiyana, M4 "Don" wamakono amakono. Ndizodabwitsa kuti ilo linakhala msewu woyamba ndi gawo lolipira pamsewu, lomwe linayendayenda m'mudzi wa Khlevnoe ndipo linali ndi makilomita 20.

Masiku ano, msewu waukulu wa Moscow-Don ndiwo wabwino kwambiri ku Russia. Chokhachokha ndichokuti m'chilimwe chimakhala ndi magalimoto onse mbali imodzi ndi mbali inayo. Anthu ambiri ochokera ku Moscow ndi madera akuyenda ndi mabanja awo kuti apume ku nyanja. Njirayo imatsogolera ku Krasnodar ndi Stavropol Territories, ku Rostov Region ndi ku Crimea. Kubwerera panthawi imodzimodzi, masamba ndi zipatso zambiri zimachotsedwa kumadera akumwera kwa Russia kupita ku Moscow, St. Petersburg ndi kumpoto kwa dzikoli.

M'nyengo yozizira, pamadera ena a msewu, makamaka ku Krasnodar Territory, kumene njirayo imadutsa m'mapiri, zimakhala zotentha ndi chipale chofewa. Mvula yoipa ingalepheretse magalimoto pamsewu waukulu kwa masiku angapo. Choncho, chigawo cha 2009 chinaimitsa kayendetsedwe ka magalimoto onse pamsewu wopanda malire ku dera la Rostov masiku angapo.

Vuto lina ndilo nthawi zambiri pamsewu pamsewu ku Moscow, chifukwa zimatenga nthawi kuti kulipira malipiro.

Pamsewu waukulu pali malo ambiri omwe amapatsidwa, ndipo izi zimapindulitsa kwambiri pamisewu yopanda malire. Choyamba, msewu waukulu kwambiri wa M4 msewu waukulu mumadera ena ndi 130 km / h, ndipo mbali zambiri - 110 km / h. Chachiwiri, pa liwiroli, kukhalapo kwa msewu wabwino kwambiri kumafunika pafupifupi kutalika kwa msewu, ndipo kulipo. Chachitatu, pa malo olipidwa, ntchito ya madalaivala inayamba - thandizo lachangu. Lingaliro labwino - vidiyo ndi zolemba SOS iliyonse 1.5 km. Ngati pangakhale kusweka kapena mafuta atha, pitani ku bokosi lachikasu, ndipo mudzathandizidwa posachedwa.

Sitima zapamwamba kwambiri

Sitima zapamtunda zapamtunda zimakhala ndi mbiri yawo zaka zapitazi. Ngakhale pansi pa USSR, panali zolinga zopanga sitima zothamanga kwambiri, mwachitsanzo ngolo - chiwonetsero cha sitima ya ndege. Mayesero ake anachitika m'ma 1970. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, pulojekiti yapadera yothamanga msewu inakhazikitsidwa, yomwe imayenera kugwirizanitsa Moscow ndi Kharkov ndi Lozovaya ndi nthambi kwa Simferopol ndi Rostov-on-Don. Liwiro la msewu uwu linali 250 km / h.

Mwatsoka, kugwa kwa Soviet Union kunayambitsa mavuto azachuma, ndipo zolinga zonse zidakalipo kale. Kukula kwa sitima yapamwamba yotchedwa "Sokol-250" kunayambitsa kuyesedwa mu 2000, koma chifukwa cha zofooka zomwe Komitiyi inachita, sizinayambe kugwira ntchito. Kuwonjezera apo, mtengo wogulitsa katundu wake wokwera kwambiri unadutsa miyezo yololedwa, ndipo inali yotchipa kugula sitima zomwe zinali kale ku Ulaya zomwe zidapititsa mayesero.

Mu 2006, mgwirizano unakhazikitsidwa pakati pa Russian Railways ndi kampani ya ku Germany Siemens kuti apereke sitima zapamwamba zisanu ndi zitatu zomwe zimatha kufika kufika 330 km / h. Sitima yoyamba inaperekedwa mu 2008 ndipo inathawa paulendo "Moscow - St. Petersburg". Msewu waukulu wa Moscow-Petersburg unalandira sitima zodalirika zomwe zimayendera mtunda wa pakati pa mizinda itatu ndi mphindi 45.

Sitimayo yotsatira yamtundu wapamwamba inkaonekera pa msewu "Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod". Ulendo wa ulendo unali maola atatu 55 mphindi. Njira iyi imatsegulidwa kwa okwera pakati pa 2010. Kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2010, uthenga wapamwamba kwambiri wofunika kwambiri padziko lonse "St. Petersburg - Helsinki" unapezeka.

Kumbuyo kwa mzindawu

Moscow, monga mzinda uliwonse, ndi amati ndi magalimoto. anthu ambiri amene akukhala mu malo akutali kapena kupita ku ntchito mu mzinda kukagula kapena zosangalatsa mayendedwe anu. Koma, mwatsoka, zomangamanga ndi salola kuti nthawi zonse kukuza msewu. Kuthetsa nkhaniyi mu Moscow abverana kuti amange mkulu-liwiro motorway. Isanafike chiyambi cha m'ma XXI maganizo "misewu", makamaka mmalire a mzindawo, kunalibe. Development wa ntchito watsopanoyo adzaphulitsa tichepetse zoyendera 60% mwa misewu yaikulu ya mzinda.

Chimodzi mwa zofunika: mkulu-liwiro msewu Moscow ukachotse kuchokera m'dera zogona, ndipo ndi mkulu liwiro. Kuti athetse mavuto awa, anaganiza kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha lotulukira msewu, ndipo palibe sichichititsa pakati zonse zamalonda. Kuti kusuntha zotheka kuonjezera liwiro pa msewu mpaka 100 Km / h.

Lero tikudziwa za ntchito ya njira zitatu: North-East, South ndi North-West. Misewu onse adzakhala nacho mphete ndi kulankhulana ndi inakula. Izi mzere (yana), malinga ndi maulamuliro, m'malo wachinayi zoyendera mphete. Chifukwa chaichi iwo anakonza kugwirizanitsa North-West ndi North-East wa mphete ku dera la Chikondwerero cha msewu, ndi South poyambira mudzawoloka North-West m'chigawo Krylatskoye. Kudzera kugwirizana oyendetsa adzatha kuyenda kuchokera kumalekezero a m'tawuni kwa ena, popanda kulowa mumzindawu.

Padziko lonse magalimoto mavuto a m'mizinda ikuluikulu ndi zimatheka ndi misewu. Misewu ndi kupatutsidwa kwa msewu, kunja kwa mzinda wa mzinda, ndi kulola ntchito anakweza mlatho interchanges kusiya pakati mzinda ufulu wa magalimoto zosafunika. Malinga ndi polojekiti Moscow izo zakonzedwa kuti poyambira ayenera sikusokoneza, nthawi yomweyo kutumikira mathiransipoti. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mphambano ya m'madera zogona, misewu imeneyi ayenera kapena mwakwera pamwamba mbali yaikulu ya msewu kapena mobisa.

Liwiro pa msewu, nayenso, si ndi kanjedza komaliza. Akatswiri samabwera kwa kugwirizana pa nkhani imeneyi. Kodi liwiro chovomerezeka pa msewu mu mzinda? Ena amakhulupirira - osapitirira 80 km / h, pamene ena amati ngati kuonjezera chitetezo, liwiro akhoza ziwonjezeke kwa 100 Km / h. Tsopano, monga amadziwika, miyezo ngati anatengedwa ndi mzinda: liwiro akhoza musalumphe 60 km / h.

Mu Russia lero kufalitsidwa kwambiri ntchito yomanga misewu - onse misewu ndi njanji. Iwo amalankhula za chitukuko cha chuma ndiponso amathandiza kuti boma wonse.