History of Economic Ndinkaganiza

Mbiri ya sayansi chuma kwa ndithu yaitali ndi olemera. Anthu nthawi zonse chidwi njira kuti ndi mwachindunji kapena ayi bwanji chitukuko.

Phunziro la mbiri ya ziphunzitso zachuma m'gulu la magawo a mapangidwe chuma, ake aakulu nthawi gawo chitukuko ndi kusandulika. Komanso ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mbali yaikulu ya ganizo zachuma lalikulu mu nthawi inayake.

Mwatsoka, nkhani zimenezi sizingatheke agwirizane ndi mbiri yonse ya ganizo zachuma. Ndi zotheka kusonyeza Magawo akuluakulu a chitukuko cha masukulu ndi masitaelo nthawi zakale kwa zaka za m'ma 19.

Mbiri ya zachuma ziphunzitso akuyamba ndi Aristotle ndi Plato akufuna mwanjira dongosolo mfundo Adawadziwitsa mderali. Makamaka zaphindu yotentha ndi Aristotle. Choyamba wotchedwa zachuma a sayansi, anaphunzira ntchito zachuma, zachitika ndi chiphunzitso cha mitengo, ndipo mtengo wa ndalama.

Chiyambi cha mawu akuti "chuma" chathu chachokera kwa Xenophon - mbiri ndi wolemba ku Ancient Greece. dzina ndizo mawu awiri, omwe mtengo kuphatikiza za 'lamulo la kasamalidwe chuma. "

History of Economic Ndinkaganiza kuti zikugwirizana ndi kugawira ntchito ndi kuwombola mu mapangidwe a mtundu wa chuma wonse kudutsa dzikoli. Izi zikusonyeza kufunika ikutuluka chidziwitso cha chuma dziko lonse. Kumayambiriro 17 m'ma A. Montchretien kusindikiza ndemanga pa chuma ndale wasonyeza kuti cholinga chachikulu cha ulimi ndi malonda, nampatsa dzina yomaliza ya sayansi wamng'ono. zachuma izi, ndi Zhan Batist Kolber, Thomas Maine, I. T. Pososhkov - oimira mercantilism, zikuluzikulu zachuma lingaliro pa nthawi. Pa mtima wa chitukuko a mtunduwu, aona kudzikundikira zitsulo zamtengo wapatali.

Mu zaka zomwezo, pali mfundo ina ya view, limene otsatira a sukulu ya Physiocrats. Iwo akhapidziwa kuti si ntchito antchito anakhala pansi akhoza kubweretsa ndalama kuposa ndalama. zinthu zina zonse pokhapokha chinkhoswe mu processing zakudya wosapatsa chilichonse chatsopano.

Ndipo, ndithudi, mbiri ya lingaliro la zachuma zodabwitsa popanda zapamwamba ngati wa sayansi, monga Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Nena David Ricardo. Pa nkhani zambiri iwo anali nazo zosiyana, koma kunalinso angapo prerequisites zimene zimawathandiza. Choncho, iwo anaitanitsa boma kuti kulowerera pa ndondomeko ya zachuma ndipo anapereka munthu ufulu chuma kuloledwa kupikisana momasuka. chikhumbo cha munthu (monga nkhani makamaka chuma) ndi kuchulukitsa Chuma chanu kwenikweni kumatanthauza ndi chulutsa chuma kwa anthu onse. Adam Smith otchedwa ndi kudzikonda kusintha njira ya zachuma "dzanja wosaonekayo." Choncho amatsogolera alimi ndi ogula kuti anaona zachuma mgwirizano. Mu dongosolo ngati sangakhale moyo kwa ulova yaitali, kutulutsa katundu zotsala kapena kuchepekedwa kwa n'komwe. Otsatira a Adam Smith, ndipo iye anakhulupirira izo si ulimi wa amalenga chuma cha amitundu, ndi ntchito ndi magulu ena.

Popeza kuti msika chuma ndi anzawo, analenga chiphunzitso cha Karl Marx. Izo zinali zochokera mtengo wa ntchito ndipo anaganiza kuti chuma cha anthu ndi ntchito ya mercenaries. Popanda kulipira ntchito antchito wamba, ndi capitalists akupanga phindu lalikulu ndipo motero anthu ndi magetsi m'magulu awiri, olemera ndi osauka. Ndipo mkati dongosolo capitalist kwenikweni akamayamba zisinthe wa proletariat lapansi. Zochita chiphunzitso wa zachuma German sichinayambe anatsimikizira.

M'zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa, Alfred Marshall anakhala woyambitsa wa malangizo neoclassical. Iye anatsimikizira kuti moyo wa alimi ndi ogula kufika pazipita ake okha pamene zisudzo zachuma adzatha kupikisana momasuka.