Joseph Stalin: biography, banja, ndemanga. Ufulu wa Stalin

Mpaka tsopano, mikangano pa moyo wa Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin satha. Uyu ndi munthu yemwe pa mibadwo yonseyi adatha kufika patsogolo pa anthu ena onse kumvetsa kwake osati kokha za zipangizo za boma, komanso za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mtundu wa Stalin umabweretsa malingaliro ambiri, motero, matembenuzidwe ambiri athandizidwa, ambiri mwa iwo omwe atha kuganiziridwa tsopano.

Chinsinsi cha chiyambi

Pofufuza malo ochuluka a zolemba, mungathe kukhumudwa pazinthu zosiyana siyana ndi mfundo zomwe zingalankhule motsatira mfundo imodzi kapena ina. Motero, Baibulo la Armenian likuti Stalin ndi mtundu wake wokhudzana kwambiri ndi amayi ake, omwe chifukwa cha umphawi wake adakakamizika kugwira ntchito monga wamba wamwamuna wochokera kwa wolemera wamalonda. Atakhala ndi pakati, adakwatirana mwamsanga ndi Vissarion Dzhugashvili. Koma Baibulo ili silinapereke mfundo zokwanira kuti amvetse mtundu wa mtundu wa Stalin.

Chiphunzitso cha Chijojiya chimasonyeza kuti maziko ake amapita kwa kalonga mmodzi wotchedwa Egnatoshvili. Mwa njirayi, kale Stalin anakhala wolamulira, anakhalabe oyanjana ndi abale ake.

Chingerezi

Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Russian (ngati icho chingakhoze kuonedwa ngati chomwecho), bambo a Stalin anali wolemekezeka wochokera ku Smolensk, ndipo dzina lake anali Nikolai Przhevalsky. Iye ankayenda kwambiri ndipo anali asayansi wodziwika kwambiri. Mu 1878, anadwala kwambiri, chifukwa cha mankhwala omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Gori, ku Caucasus. Ndiye Przhevalsky amadziwana ndi wachibale wina wapatali wa kalonga, dzina lake Catherine, yemwe anawonongedwa ndipo anali kukwatira Vissarion Dzhugashvili. Iye, nayenso, anali munthu wolemekezeka, koma m'banja lake panali chisoni chomwe chinapangitsa kuti banja lawo likhalepo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti adataya ana atatu aang'ono kwambiri. Potsutsa izi, Vissarion anayamba kumwa mowa ndipo nthawi zambiri ankakweza dzanja lake kwa mkazi wake. Koma ngakhale adakumana ndi zovuta zonse pamoyo wake, Catherine adatha kumusangalatsa wasayansi, yemwe anali wodzaza ndi kukongola kwake kotero kuti anapitiriza kum'tumizira ndalama.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti bukuli, lomwe liyenera kuwonetsa dziko la Stalin, liridi loopsya. Ndikufunanso kuwonjezera kuti si Russian kwambiri monga zikhoza kuonekera poyamba, popeza Przhevalsky ali ndi mizu kuchokera ku Belarus.

Zikuwoneka kuti Stalin ankadziŵa bwino kuti gulu lonse likutsimikizira kuti iye sanachokere. Kenaka kuledzeretsa kwa abambo kumafotokozedwa kwa ambiri. Mwinamwake, iye ankadziwa, koma iye sakanakhoza basi kuvomereza izo. Kotero, mukumenyana kwakumwa kwadakwa iye anaphedwa, koma Soso wazaka 11 sanamverepo za izi.

Moyo

Zoonadi, Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich anali ndipo amakhalabe munthu wachipembedzo. Ngakhale kuti moyo wake ukutsutsana nthawi zonse, pali mafunso ambiri mu biography kuposa mayankho. Makhalidwe ake akupitirizabe kupanga zikhulupiriro zambiri, zomwe olemba mbiri ndi ochita kafukufuku amayesera kumvetsa. Mutha kuyamba ngakhale kuchokera pamalo obadwira a wolamulira wankhanza. Malingana ndi zolemba zina, mbiri yoyamba imalankhula za mzinda wa Gori, ngakhale sikuti Stalin ayenera kuti anabadwa pafupi ndi Batumi. Kuwonjezera - ubale wotchuka wa magazi ndi bambo ake komanso wofanana ndi wazendo wa Przhevalsky.

Chiwerengero cha mikangano chimayambanso chifukwa cha tsiku lobadwa. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale adapeza buku la Gori Assumption Cathedral, momwe mbiri ya kubadwa inali yosiyana ndi tsiku limene nthawi zambiri limakhala lovomerezeka. Malingana ndi kalembedwe kameneka, linali pa December 6, 1878, nambala yomweyi imapezeka mu kalata ya mapeto a sukulu yauzimu.

Poyamba, malemba onsewa anali ndi tsiku lenileni la kubadwa kwa Stalin, koma mu 1921, malinga ndi dongosolo lake, muzinthu zonse ziwerengerozi zinasinthidwa, ndipo si 1878, koma 1879, zomwe zinayamba kusonyeza. Malingana ndi asayansi a ndale, ichi chinali chiyeso chokakamizidwa kuti asabise osati chiyambi chawo cholemekezeka, koma chiwerewere.

Chaka chilichonse zimakhala zovuta kufotokozera chifukwa chake biography imatchula masiku awiri obadwa, omwe anali Stalin ndi zina zambiri zamtundu wa moyo wake. Ngakhale kuti iye mwini adzizungulira ndi aura yodandaula, panali anthu ang'onoang'ono pafupi naye amene ankadziwa zambiri za iye. Mwinamwake, chifukwa chake iwo sanafere ndi imfa yawo komanso pansi pa zovuta.

Moyo wa Stalin uli wodzaza ndi zizindikiro zambiri, zomwe zilipo pafupifupi 30.

Bungwe la Atsogoleri

Nthawi yokhala pa malo a munthu woyamba adziwika ndi nthawi yowonongeka, kuphatikiza pamodzi ndi nkhondo imodzi yowopsya yomwe inayambitsa miyoyo yambiri ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Mwachibadwa, USSR kwa onse iyenera kuoneka ngati dziko limene patsogolo, mgwirizano ndi kudzipereka kwa mtsogoleri wake zapangidwa.

Zithunzi za Stalin zinapachikidwa paliponse, ndipo nthawi yake inali nthawi ya chitukuko chofulumira kwambiri chachuma. Chifukwa cha propaganda, zonse zoyamba za "Father of the Peoples" zinatamandidwa, makamaka izi zinali zogwirizana ndi mapulojekiti akuluakulu omwe anamangidwa mofulumira kwambiri, kutembenukira dziko lakale lomwe linali pachimake chakumbuyo ku dziko la mafakitale. Ichi chinali cholinga chachikulu, koma pofuna kukwaniritsa izi, kunali kofunika kufalitsa ulimi wa malonda kuti akwaniritse zosowa za ogwira ntchito. Motero, kugwirizanitsa kwakhala njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera izi. Alimi enieni adatenga malo awo ndikuwakakamiza kugwira ntchito m'mabungwe akuluakulu a zaulimi.

Chowonadi chonse chokhudza nthawi ya ulamuliro wa mtsogoleriyo ndi kosatheka kupeza. Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti, ngakhale masiku ano, ngakhale masiku ano, sizinayankhulirepo pagulu. Nthawi yonse ya Stalin (pamene iye anali mtsogoleri wa boma) sikuti amangokhalira kuponderezana ndi kukakamiza kovuta. Ndizotheka kuzindikira ndi chidaliro chiwerengero chachikulu cha maonekedwe abwino, omwe mwazinthu zambiri adakhudza mapangidwe a lero a anthu a Russian:

• Gwiritsani ntchito chikumbumtima kuti mupindule makamaka ndi anthu.
• Kugonjetsedwa kwa 1945.
• Ubwino wa injiniya ndi msilikali.
• Dziko lodziimira.
• Kusayera kwa atsikana a kusukulu ya sekondale.
• Makhalidwe.
• Amayi ndi heroines.
• Kusakhazikika kwa nkhani.
• Mimba yoletsedwa.
• Tsegulani mipingo.
• Zotsutsa pa: Russophobia, zolaula, chiphuphu, uhule, mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
• Kukonda dziko.

Dzina la Stalin likugwirizana ndi chilakolako chake osati kugwirizanitsa, koma kenako kulimbikitsa dziko nthawi yochepa kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa cha mphamvu zake ndi chifuniro chake kuti apambane, palibe amene anali ndi maganizo oti sangathe kumasulira malingaliro ake.

Banja

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich anabisa mosamala zonse zokhudza iye mwini, moyo wake wapadera sunali wosiyana. Iye anawononga mosamala zolemba zonse zomwe mwanjira ina zinayankhulira za banja lake ndi zinthu zachikondi. Motero, m'badwo wamakono ukhoza kukhala kutali ndi chithunzi chokwanira, chomwe chiri ndi chiwerengero chaching'ono chotsimikiziridwa ndi maumboni a mboni zingapo za maso, zomwe mbiri zawo ziri zodzaza ndi zolakwika ndi zolakwika.

Mkazi woyamba wa Stalin, ali ndi zaka 26 zokha, anali Ekaterina (Kato) Svanidze. Panthawi imeneyo analibe dzina lake lodziwika ndi dzina lodziwika, kapena "udindo wandale" pakati pa anthu, koma ngakhale kuti anali wotchuka kale chifukwa cha mbiri yake monga wokonzanso zotsutsana ndi anthu omwe ankafuna kuti lingaliro likhale lofanana. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo ndikufuna kuwonjezera kuti ngakhale njira zamagazi ndi njira zomwe zolingazo zinakwaniritsidwira, anapatsa a Bolsheviks chilakolako cha chikondi. Kotero mbiri yolemekezeka yotchuka ya Koba inawonekera. Anali msilikali wolemba mabuku wa Robin-Hood, yemwe adabvula olemera ndikugawana chirichonse kwa osauka.

Kato anali ndi zaka 16 zokha pamene adakwatirana ndipo anayamba kukhala m'chipinda chosangalatsa, chomwe chinalibe njira yopezera moyo. Bambo ake adali ngati a Soso yekha, choncho anali okondwa kwambiri chifukwa cha ukwati wawo, popeza kuti asilikali a Caucasus anali ndi ufulu wokwanira. Ngakhale kuti kupyolera mwa manja ake pafupifupi tsiku lirilonse kunali ndalama zazikulu, osati ndalama za iwo zomwe sizikanakonza moyo wa banja ndi malo.

Chifukwa cha kusintha kwake kwakukulu kwa moyo wake, iye sanafike pakhomo, choncho mkazi wake ambiri amakhala yekhayekha. Mu 1907, mwana wawo wamba anawonekera ku dziko lapansi, amene adatchedwa dzina la Yakov. Motero moyo wa mkazi wosauka umakhala wolemera kwambiri, ndipo amayamba kudwala ndi typhus. Popeza analibe ndalama zowonjezera (chifukwa chirichonse chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zosowa za phwando), amamwalira. Monga momwe mboni za maso zimati, Soso anamva kwambiri imfa ya mkazi wake wokondedwa ndipo anayamba ngakhale ndi ukali wawiri kuti amenyane ndi adani ake. Yakov, panthawiyi, anayamba kukhala ndi makolo ake, Kato, komwe anali ndi zaka 14 asanakwane.

Wachinyamata wamng'ono Nadia Alliluyeva anakhala wachiwiri wokondedwa Soso. Iwo ankakondana wina ndi mzake, ngakhale kuti kusonyeza chifundo kwa zaka zimenezo, makamaka kwa wolimbana ndi chiwawa chotere, kunkaonedwa kuti ndi wofooka. Choncho, mu 1921 mwana wamwamuna wachiŵiri wa Stalin, wotchedwa Vasily, anabadwa. Pa nthawi yomweyo amatenga ndi Yakobo. Motero, Koba potsiriza amakhala ndi banja lonse. Koma kachiwiri mbiri yakale imadzibwereza yokha, pamene alibe nthawi yeniyeni ya chimwemwe cha umunthu pamsewu wopita ku revolution. Mu 1925, Svetlana wamng'ono anaonekera m'banja.

Ponena za ubale wa okwatirana amadziwika pang'ono, puzzles ambiri amakhalabebe, osati moyo wawo palimodzi, komanso imfa.

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti moyo ndi munthu yemwe ali wovuta monga Stalin, unali wosadziwika mosavuta. Izo zimadziwika kuti iye akhoza kukhala chete kwa masiku atatu, pokhala mu lingaliro lakuya. Chiyembekezo chinali chovuta osati chifukwa chakuti mwamuna wake anali wotsutsa-analibe njira yolankhulirana. Iye analibe abwenzi, ndipo amuna anali kungowopa kuti azicheza naye, ngakhale momwe iwo ankawopa mkwiyo wa mwamuna wake, yemwe akanakhoza kuganiza kuti mkazi wake akuwombera ndi "kuwombera." Chiyembekezo chimakhala chofunikira, chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, chikondi komanso chiyanjano.

Kufa kwa mkazi wake

Pa November 8, 1932, mosayembekezereka, Nadezhda Alilueva, mkazi wa Stalin, yemwe dziko lake silingatsimikizidwe mosatsutsika, anamwalira, popeza amayi ake anali German weniweni, ndipo bambo ake anali theka la Gypsy. Akuluakulu a boma adanena kuti adzipha yekha, adanena kuti adawombera pamutu. Nkhani yonena za imfa ya Hope, Stalin anangovomereza kunena kuti mwadzidzidzi anasiya dziko lapansi, koma chifukwa chake imfa yake sinayambe ikuwonetsedwa.

Mfundo ina yomwe imafunika kuyang'anitsitsa ndi kuyesa koba kuchotsa chirichonse chimene mkazi wake anafa chifukwa cha appendicitis, koma akatswiri awiri omwe anabwera pa webusaitiyi (ndipo, malinga ndi ena amati, atatu), anayenera kupereka maganizo pa imfa, koma anakana kuika Kulemba kwake pansi pa chikalata choterocho. Imfa yake imayambitsa mikangano yambiri, ndipo pakali pano pali njira zingapo zomwe zingakwaniritsidwe.

Zambiri za imfa ya mkazi wake Stalin

Pa nthawi ya imfa, Nadezhda anali ndi zaka 31 zokha, ndipo pali mphekesera zambiri za izi. Ponena za ziphunzitso zina zachinyengo, ndizoyenera kudziwa chithunzi ngati Trotsky. Panthawi ina anali wosamvetsetseka kwa boma komanso mwiniwake kwa Stalin, motero kupyolera mwa Bukharin ena anayesera kuti akakamize mkazi wa mtsogoleri. Iwo anayesa kumutsimikizira kuti mwamuna wake anali kutsogolera ndondomeko yaukali, kukonzekera Holodomor mwachangu ku Ukraine, collectivization ndi kupha anthu ambiri. Trotsky ankaganiza kuti chifukwa cha ndale yomwe Nadezhda ankayenera kukonzekera, zinali zotheka kugonjetsa Stalin popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chiwawa. Momwemo, mkazi wake akhoza kupenga ndi kudziwombera yekha ndi zomwe sangakwanitse.

Malingana ndi zina, pa chikondwerero cha zaka 15 za October Revolution, pa phwando ku Kremlin, Stalin adanena chinthu china chodandaulira mkazi wake, kenako adachoka patebulo ndikupita kunyumba kwake, ndipo mtumikiyo adamva kuwombera.

Ali ndi ufulu kumoyo ndi ndondomeko, yomwe inatsimikizira mutu wa alonda Joseph Vissarionovich. Malingana ndi nkhani yake, pambuyo pa phwando Stalin sanapite kunyumba, koma anapita kwa mmodzi wa zigawenga zake ndipo anatenga naye mkazi wake. Chiyembekezo, nayonso, chinali ndi nkhawa kwambiri ndipo chinaimba foni yamtendere kunyumba. Msilikali wogwira ntchitoyo adatsimikizira kuti mwamuna wake analipo, osati osati yekha, koma ndi mkazi. Kotero, mkazi, kuphunzira za izi, sakanakhoza kupulumuka kuperekedwa ndi kudzipha. Stalin sanapite konse kumanda a Hope.

Mayi wa mtsogoleri

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, yemwe mtundu wake ndi chiyambi chake chikupezeka mwachinsinsi, ndi chirichonse chokhudzana ndi moyo wake waumwini, chikuwukitsa mafunso ambiri. Kugwirizana pakati pa Stalin ndi amayi ake kunali kodabwitsa. Panali zambiri zokhuza izi, komanso kuti adamuwuza zidzukulu zake pokhapokha wamkuluyo atasintha 15. Ekaterina Georgievna analibe maphunziro, sakanatha kulemba, ankalankhula Chijojiya chokha. Amayi a Stalin, omwe dziko lawo silinagwirizane, anali mkazi wokondana kwambiri ndipo sankaopa kufotokoza maganizo ake pa nthawi iliyonse, ngakhale nthawi zina pa nkhani zandale. Iye sanalepheretsedwe konse ndi kusowa maphunziro. Zina mwazifukwa zingatheke kuchokera ku makalata awo, omwe ndi ovuta kutchula malembo, ndipo ambiri amalemba. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti, ngakhale kulankhulana kotere, sikunganenedwe kuti mwanayo sasamala za amayi ake. Iye anali pansi pa kuyang'anitsitsa koyandikira kwa madokotala abwino, koma ngakhale izi, chifukwa cha msinkhu, thanzi lake silinakhale bwino. Kotero, mu May 1937, iye anadwala chibayo, chomwe chinamupangitsa kuti afe pa July 4. Ubalewo unali woipa kwambiri moti sakanakhoza kupita kumaliro ake, koma anadziika yekha pamphepete mwa chilembo.

Imfa ya "Atate wa Anthu"

Anali mu 1953. Kwa nthawi yaitali anthu ambiri ankafuna kufa kwa Stalin. Pa March 1 iye adakhala tsiku lonse muofesi yake, sanayang'ane mauthenga ofunika kwambiri ndipo sanadye ngakhale. Popanda chilolezo chake, palibe yemwe anali ndi ufulu wopita kwa iye, koma nthawi ya 11 koloko madzulo, mmodzi wa anyamatawo anapita komweko pangozi yake ndipo adaika chithunzi choopsa pamaso pake. Atadutsa m'zipinda zingapo, adawona Stalin atagona pansi ndipo sanathe kunena. Kwa masiku angapo madokotala anamenyera moyo wake.

Choncho, chaka cha imfa ya Stalin chinali ndi maganizo otsutsana pakati pa anthu. Ena anali okondwa kuti masiku a wolamulira wankhanza ndi wozunza anafika pamapeto awo omveka bwino. Ena, mmalo mosiyana, ankaganiza za mtsogoleri wa mkati ngati ochita zoipa omwe, mwa njira imodzi kapena ina, anaphatikizidwa mu imfa yake.

Inu simungakhoze kukhala wotsimikiza pa 100% imfa yake kutengela okonza wa Bureau Political ya nsonga ya. Tikayang'ana ena chokumbukira Comrade Khrushchev, ndipo angapo maphwando ofanana, mtsogoleri chaka chino sanathe kuthamanga boma, iye anayang'ana kupyolera misala ndi vuto lodana, amene ankatanthauza njira inexorable imfa. Ngakhale kuti kulibenso, tinafika wotchuka ogwidwawo wa Stalin, mtundu wa "Ponyani muviwo!" Kapena "Zilibe kanthu, monga voti -. N'kofunika bwanji kuwerengera" Iwo adzakhala zogwirizana kwa nthawi yaitali, chifukwa ndi nthawi ya moyo, "tate wa fuko la" nthawi analowa mu mabuku onse, ndipo anakhalabe kukumbukira anthu ambiri.

Stalin: anthu Russian la Chijojiya dziko

Kuti tizindikire umunthu wake, m'pofunika kuti anapezazo ake kokha pa maziko a mfundo zingapo zimene zimadziwika kwa mawu mwachindunji mtsogoleri. chinthu chimodzi ndicho kuti: Iosif Stalin, amene dziko zingachititse kwambiri pa mlanduwo - chizindikiro cha osokoneza ndithu. Mulimonse mmene zinakhalira, mphambu wake nthawizonse ena mfundo za subjectivity pogwiritsa ntchito luntha munthu aliyense World ndi mbiri Soviet.

Masiku ano a dziko Stalin zikhoza kusiyana maganizo, ndi onse chifukwa aura zina za chinsinsi cha kubadwa kwake ndi chiyambi, koma, ngati iye ankakonda kunena mtsogoleri, "Ine sindiri European ndi Asia-Russified Georgia."