Kale ku Japan: chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya zisumbu

Dziko lakale la Japan ndilolumikizana ndi nthawi, zomwe akatswiri ena amanena kuti c. BC - zaka zitatu. AD, ndipo ochita kafukufuku ena amakonda kupitirizabe mpaka zaka za m'ma 900. AD Monga titha kuwonera, njira yowonekera pazilumba za ku Japan yagonjetsedwa, ndipo nthawi ya maufumu akale idasinthidwa mwamsanga ndi kayendedwe ka chikhalidwe. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha kudzipatula kwa malowa, ndipo ngakhale kuti anthu amakhalamo zaka 17,000 zapitazo, kugwirizana kwa dzikoli kunali kovuta kwambiri. M'zaka za m'ma BC okha. Apa iwo akuyamba kulima munda, koma anthu akupitirizabe kukhala amitundu.

Dziko lakale la Japan linasiya zinthu zochepa kwambiri komanso zolembedwa. Mbiri yoyamba imatchula za zilumba za Chichina ndipo zakhala zikuyambika nthawi yathu ino. Poyambira pa VIII. AD Ndilo mbiri yoyamba ya ku Japan: "Kojiki" ndi "Nihongi", pamene mafumu amtundu wa Yamato anali ndi chosowa chachikulu chotsimikiziranso zakale, motero zopatulika za chiyambi cha mafumu awo. Choncho, zolembazo zili ndi nthano zambiri, nthano komanso nthano, zodabwitsa zogwirizana ndi zochitika zenizeni.

Kumayambiriro kwa mbiri iliyonse, mbiriyakale ya mapangidwe a zisumbu imayikidwa. "Mibadwo ya milungu", isanafike nthawi ya anthu, inabala mulungu-munthu Jimma, yemwe anakhala kholo la mafumu a Yamato. Chipembedzo cha makolo, chomwe chinasungidwa pazilumba kuchokera kumayendedwe akale, ndi zikhulupiriro zatsopano zachipembedzo za mulungu wamkazi wakumwamba Amaterasu anakhala maziko a Shinto. Komanso, dziko la Japan la kale linkadziwika kuti ndi totemism, ziphunzitso zamatsenga, fetishism komanso zamatsenga, komanso mitundu yonse yaulimi, maziko a moyo omwe anali ovomerezeka ku nyengo yokolola.

Pafupifupi kuchokera m'zaka za m'ma II. BC Dziko lakale la Japan likuyamba kukhazikitsa chiyanjano ndi China. Chikoka cha mnzako wotukuka chinali chonse: mu chuma, chikhalidwe, zikhulupiriro. M'zaka zam'mbuyo mazana asanu ndi awiri (IV-V) zikuwonekera kulemba - mwachibadwa, malemba. Zojambula zatsopano zimabadwa, chidziwitso chatsopano cha zakuthambo, teknoloji ikubwera. Kuchokera ku China kumadutsa kudera la zilumba ndi Confucianism ndi Buddhism. Izi zimabweretsa kusintha kwenikweni kwa chikhalidwe. Chofunika kwambiri chinali Chibuddha pamaganizo a anthu: chikhulupiliro cha kusintha kwa miyoyo kunachititsa kuti pakhale kusamvana kwa mafuko.

Koma ngakhale dziko la China likuposa kwambiri, wakale Japan, amene chikhalidwe chawo chinakhudzidwa makamaka ndi oyandikana nawo, anakhalabe dziko loyambirira. Ngakhale mu ndondomeko yandale iyo inalibe zida za ku China China. Mu chikhalidwe cha anthu mmbuyo mu zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi. AD Udindo wapadera unayesedwa ndi akulu ndi atsogoleri, ndipo gulu lapamwamba linali alimi omasuka. Akapolo anali ochepa - anali "akapolo apakhomo" m'mabanja a alimi. Chipangizo cha akapolo sichinali ndi nthawi yoti azikhala m'dera la zilumbazi, popeza kuti mafuko awo adalowa m'malo mwawo.

Japan, amene miyambo yake ndi miyambo yake imagwirizana kwambiri ndi Confucianism ndi Buddhism, inapereka zipilala zambiri za zomangamanga zachipembedzo. Izi zikuphatikizapo maofesi a kachisi m'mizinda yakale ya Nara ndi Heian (Kyoto yamakono). Zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndi luso lawo ndizokwanira ndizomwe zimakhala malo opatulika a Nike (III), Izumo (550) ndi Horyudzi ku Nara (607). Chiyambi cha chikhalidwe cha ku Japan chikuwonekera kwambiri m'mabuku olembedwa. Ntchito yotchuka kwambiri pa nthawiyi - "Magnyushu" (VIII) - nthano yaikulu ya ndakatulo zikwi zinai ndi theka.