Kodi Antigen? Chitetezo ndi antigens

Mu thupi, mawonetseredwe mmene mthupi ndi oteteza kucheza antigens. Komabe, nthaŵi zina yotsirizira akhoza kutisocheretsa boma otchedwa irresponsibility yeniyeni - kulolerana. Chitetezo ndi antigens zimathandiza kuti mapangidwe kukumbukira immunological. Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane mtundu wachiwiri wa mankhwala. M'nkhaniyi tiona tipeze chimene Antigen.

mwachidule

Kodi Antigen? Mwachidule, ndi zambiri mankhwala achilendo. Zikuphatikizapo zidulo mkati, polysaccharides, mapuloteni ndi maofesi awo. Pamene kusintha ndi mankhwala kusinthidwa wa ma polima zachilengedwe angathe kukonzekera "conjugated" mankhwala. mankhwala otere anapanga pamaziko a mapulotini a mwachindunji wolandira. Autologous mankhwala denatured kudzera mankhwala kapena thupi, akhoza n'kukhala Antigen ndi.

tanthauzo

The biopolymers thupi kapena analogues kupanga zace amatha kulowa angathe eliciting munthu amene m'thupi. mankhwala awa akutchedwa antigens. Amathandiza kuti chitukuko cha maselo effector thymic chikhalidwe. Kupezeka pa maziko chitetezo cha m'thupi anachita kuyamba kucheza ndi antigens kapena mankhwala ndi dongosolo ofanana. Ngati samvera imfayo kuyankha zoteteza, iwo amatchedwa haptens. Zoyambitsa immunological kulolerana. Luso kupangira kuyankha zoteteza ndi polypeptides kupanga kumachita monga antigens mapuloteni. Komabe, optionally kapangidwe pulayimale ndi okhudza malo ayenera kukhala zofanana ndi zomwe makamaka aliyense mapuloteni pawiri. A kwambiri chinthu anasonyeza antigenic katundu wa zinthu zimenezi tichipeza mu mapangidwe kapangidwe okhudza malo a pachithandara. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ma polima anapangidwa kuchokera wina kwa amino asidi (homopolymers) alibe katundu wa eliciting munthu amene m'thupi. The polypeptides antigenic angathe kuoneka, mapangidwe amene 2 kwa amino zidulo nawo.

mafunso kafukufuku

Kodi Antigen? Chakale immunology adzaitana mankhwala selo lonse la nyama kapena chiyambi bakiteriya. Komabe, zimenezi si zoona kwa mankhwala amazionera. Tatchulazi, kuti ndi Antigen pa Seraya. Izi si selo imene pali ambiri zidulo mkati, mapuloteni, polysaccharides. antigens anthu zopezera mtundu oyera, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupangira munthu amene m'thupi. Choncho adzakhala osapita m'mbali kwa biopolymer makamaka. Poganizira kapangidwe ka mwayeretsa Antigen mu munthu, kuphatikiza aliyense zace ayenera ngati banja la mankhwala enieni anafotokoza. Mawu amenewa akhoza potchula zokha aggregating ena biopolymer. Zitsanzo ndi zina antigens cha mavairasi kapena mabakiteriya. Choncho, contractile mapuloteni michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana galamu zoipa tizilombo wa mtundu nsomba flagellin angapezeke onse mu polymerized ndi mawonekedwe monomeric. Ndipo nthawi zonse Antigen akhoza kutisocheretsa mapangidwe chitetezo, ngakhale kuti zinthu izi ndi zosiyana. Makamaka, polima fellagelina timusonezavisim ndi monomer - timusozavisim.

Kulankhulana ndi kulemera ndi maselo

Kukhazikitsa zitha poyerekeza gulu limodzi zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, amanena kuti mapuloteni osiyanasiyana amene ali ndi nyumba ya sekondale ndi ukachenjede: fibrillar ndi globular. Zikatero n'zotheka kukhazikitsa ubale pakati pa luso polima ndi kupangira mapangidwe chitetezo ndi kulemera kwake maselo. chitsanzo Komabe, si mtheradi. Mwa zina, zimadalira pa katundu wina pawiri, onse mankhwala ndi kwachilengedwenso.

Mlingo wa chikwaniritso cha katundu

Mphamvu ya makhalidwe antigenic ya mapuloteni omwe achite monga kalasi yaikulu ndi watanthauzo kudzadalira mlingo wa mtunda zamoyo zinachita mu mwiniwake limene analandira pawiri, ndi wolandira amene chikuyendetsedwera. Kukhoza poyerekeza kusanthula adzakhala okha ngati yofanana ntchito kufufuza chinthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati seramu albumin makoswe ndi mbewa anthu immunized, pa poyamba adzakhala kutchulidwa. Ngati biopolymer a amakhala ndi kuchuluka kudziwa pogawanikana pamawere, katundu adzakhala zochepa kutchulidwa kuposa chinthu naonetsere kukana kwambiri enzymatic hydrolysis. Choncho, nkhani ya kugwiritsa ntchito polypeptides kupanga kapena conjugates mapuloteni monga antigens, yapadera kwambiri adzakhala poyankha zinthu zimene zikuchokera zikuphatikizapo sanali zachilengedwe D-kwa amino zidulo. Udindo kwambiri chiwonetsero cha zimene cha m'thupi wapatsidwa genotype wa wolandira.

determinant gulu

ziwembu amenewa akusonyeza biopolymer maselo, ndi kupanga analogue zace, kapena Antigen conjugated kuti akuzindikiridwa ndi B lymphocyte Antigen-amamanga zolandilira ndi chitetezo. Molekyulu zambiri panopa angapo magulu determinant osiyana mu dongosolo. Aliyense wa iwo Mungathe kubwereza kangapo. Ngati pawiri la molekyulu yekha gulu lina ali ndi dongosolo yeniyeni, mapangidwe akupha izo sizidzachitika. Mu ndondomeko ya kukula machitidwe zofanana chidzakula ndiponso mmene mthupi kwa iwo. Komabe, njira imeneyi adzapita ina, kenako adzakhala kuchepa ndipo akhoza mwamtheradi kuonedwa pambuyo pake. zodabwitsazi chinafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ya antigens conjugated ndi substituents osiyanasiyana, akuchita ntchito gulu determinant. Pakalibe ayankhe ndi zimakumana biopolymers ndi mkulu epitope kachulukidwe ndi chifukwa limagwirira wa kutsegula wa lymphocytes mu gulu.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

Iye ni mmodzi wa mitundu ya mapuloteni minofu wabwinobwino, limene anthu athanzi amapangidwa mu buku laling'ono la zina maselo matupi. CEA pa dongosolo awo mankhwala ndi pawiri la chakudya mapuloteni. udindo wake akuluakulu sakudziwika. Mnthawi mawonekedwe yoopsa izo ndithu intensively apanga ziwalo dongosolo m'mimba, pamene Msonkhano wofunika ntchito mokwanira. Zikugwirizanirana mangolomera kuimira selo. Carcinoembryonic Antigen wapezeka mu zimakhala ziwalo m'mimba, koma zedi mokwanira yaing'ono. Mutu wa chikhomo chotupa mbali amadziwika chikhalidwe ake kwachilengedwenso, koma ambiri a katundu zonse zimene zili zofunika mu phunziro zasayansi. Mawu akuti "Ndisanaumbidwe" chikugwirizana ndi mavuto thupi pa chitukuko mu nthawi akalandire chithandizo, "Antigen" akusonyeza kuti n'zotheka chizindikiritso cha madzi ake kwachilengedwenso ntchito immunochemical kumangako njira. Pankhaniyi, mwachindunji mu thupi, zilibe kuwonetsa katundu aliyense. Mwachibadwa, mu thanzi lake CEA ndende ndi mokwanira otsika. Against maziko a ndondomeko ya khansa mlingo ukuwonjezeka ndithu zikuchepa, kufika ntchito mwachilungamo lalikulu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iwo amakhala ngati minofu chikhomo cha pathologies oncological, kapena chotupa pentopeni.

CEA

Analysis wa Antigen ntchito matenda a malignancies zosiyanasiyana, makamaka khansa rectum ndi m'matumbo. Kafukufuku amene anachitidwa mu magawo oyambirira pathologies mu kuyan'anila njira ya matenda ndi kuyan'anila dzuwa la zikunena achire. Against maziko a m'matumbo, khansa rectum mayeso losiyana mkulu tilinazo. Timatha kugwiritsa ntchito mu matenda chachikulu. Pambuyo ntchito bwino kuchotsa lonse chotupa minofu ndende ya CEA kha kumbuyo munthu pazipita miyezi iwiri. mayesero zonse kenako kulola ziyenera a alili atalandira chithandizo. Kudziwika mpweya wambiri wa CEA amalola chizindikiritso yake ya matenda kobwereza. Ndi kuchepetsa zili Antigen pa akatswiri mankhwala likumaliza mphamvu zotsatira achire.

Kuwonjezera ndende ya CEA: pathologies lingayambire

Komabe, mayeso si chifukwa zotupa yeniyeni mwamtheradi. Kuwonjezeka mlingo wa CEA zingaoneke ndi maziko a matenda osiyanasiyana ziwalo mkati ndi yotupa ndi zina zachilengedwe. Mu 20-50% odwala ndi mtima wabwino pathologies kapamba, matumbo, mapapo ndi chiwindi wa Antigen ndende ukuwonjezeka pang'ono. Womwewo anaona pa maziko a matenda enaake, chiwindi aakulu, anam'peza matenda a m'matumbo, enaake fibrosis ndiko kumayambitsa matenda, matenda amene amatupitsa, kapamba, chibayo, matenda autoimmune, TB. Komanso, mlingo wa kuwonjezeka sangakhale makonzedwe matenda, ndipo Mwachitsanzo, kudya zonse mowa kapena kusuta.

Features wa magazi

Zikuluzikulu za iwo ndi kulunjika ndi payekha wogwidwa erythrocyte antigens. Pamene zosagwirizana biopolymers wolandira ndi mwiniwake magazi ndi koletsedwa. Apo ayi mosalephera njira pathological ndipo ngakhale imfa ya wodwala. The immunogenetics kuyezetsa komanso kuphunzira antigens maselo ofiira magazi pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya mayesero serological. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka monga hemolysis anachita, mpweya, agglutination. Erythrocyte majini akuimira mu mawonekedwe a macromolecules zovuta biopolymer. Iwo kudziunjikira mu stroma (chipolopolo) ndipo m'pamene mamolekyulu zina za mankhwala. Pakuti aliyense khalidwe wapadera wa munthu mipweya ndi dongosolo zake.