Kodi kaja? Kunja mzere. Khama la kutali la zipani. The azimuthal maphwando waukulu

Information zofunika lathu pa mtunda uliwonse, ndi mbali zitatu: mtunda, mayendedwe ndi malangizo (zinthu zosiyanasiyana pa nthaka). Mu mainsaikulopediya kupereka tanthauzo la kaja: ndi zooneka ndi maso mzere, amene malire thambo ndi nthaka.

The Navy Nyanja kaja chimatanthauza njira yosiyaniranapo. Kuyambira kale, zombo anali navigation yake ndi ena matanthauzo awo. Mu Buku m'madzi Nyanja kaja - kugwirizana kumwamba mzere ndi madzi. Maso (akuonadi mtanda) yalunjika mzere uwu kumaoneka pakati pa bwalo la madzi.

Kodi kuyenda mu malo achilendo

Odziwika akhoza kukhala zinthu bwino-owoneka kuti ali penapake aime. Iyi ndi miyala ikuluikulu kapena mwala pa lathyathyathya pamwamba. M'nkhalango chotero miyeso yolinganizira zikhoza kukhala mtengo uliwonse moyenera, ayenera mwanjira kuoneka kwa khamu ndi yooneka bwino, kukhala kosavuta kukumbukira.

Kodi kaja? Ziribe kanthu mu gawo la dziko pali munthu momuzungulira zonse zilipo danga: kwenikweni bwalo - ndi mzere wa kaja.

Anthu anapeza bwalo ili ochepa mfundo makamaka zazikulu. Iwo anaona kuti nyenyezi mu mlengalenga kusuntha bwalo, ndipo mmodzi wa iwo, monga momwe anali mu malo amodzi ndi pamwamba m'chizimezime. Ndi North Star. Komanso, anthu tcheru kuti chuma cha ena zinthu maginito amene ali Limbo - iwo nthawizonse zimayenda kumapeto kulowera ake. Ndipo pang'onopang'ono m'chizimezime bwalo mfundo zinayi zofunika (m'chizimezime) anafotokozedwa - kumpoto, kummwera, kumadzulo, kum'mawa. Maina onsewa amadziwika mfundo kadinala akugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano.

mbali Tanthauzo m'chizimezime

Ndi thandizo la North Star kapena zinthu mwapadera ndi maginito (kampasi, astrolabe) Anthu akhoza, paliponse pa dziko, kudziwa malangizo kumpoto, kenako anaimirira kuti amenyane naye, pa mbali ya wake m'madera thupi otsala pakati: kumbuyo - kum'mwera, kumanja - kum'mawa, kumanzere - kumadzulo.

Njingayo kwa yopingasa ndi madigiri

Aliyense kotala ya bwalo kaja accommodates madigiri 90. ndege yopingasa lagawidwa intervals yaing'ono ofanana kuchuluka kwa ndalama 360 - angayerekezedwe ndi zoyerekeza chiwerengero cha masiku pa chaka. Aliyense wa zigawo izi wakhala dzina lake mawu "digiri" ndipo analandira munthu siriyo chiwerengero - kuchokera 1 mpaka 360.

Taganizirani madigiri kuchokera ina - nsonga ya m'chizimezime, lili ku North Star. Kwa izo, kuwerengera lamanja (kutsogolo).

Khama la mbali zotsatirazi: izo aumbike mwa kunyezimira awiri wochokera mfundo limodzi (a njira ya masamu a makalasi pakati). circumference lililonse digiri - njira zina.

The azimuthal wa mbali yaikulu ya m'chizimezime

Zambiri zojambula ngodya ali awiri umasinthasintha mtengo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti iwo akhoza kupita ku mbali ya danga. Ndipo pali wapadera azimuthal mtengo - izo anatumiza malangizo limodzi, kumpoto. Monga amadziwika, ndi Masamu ngodya mkati ndi kukula pazipita digiri ku 180 (molunjika ngodya), koma azimuthal foni, i.e. madigiri 0-360.

Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti azimuthal wa - ngodya, amene anapanga ndi matabwa awiri, mmodzi wa iwo walangizidwa kumpoto, wachiwiri - pa chosaiwalika cha. The azimuthal wa mbali yaikulu ya kaja amayezedwa madigiri, ndi mobwerera chiwerengedwa ku ziro.

Kuyeza azimuthal ing'onoing'ono

Tsopano pang'ono za njira ya dziko. Kunja mzere ikusonyezedwa osati mfundo zinayi zofunika (umenewu wa kuwala kwa pakati - kumpoto, kummwera, kumadzulo, kum'mawa), komanso wapakatikati - ili pakati ndipo lili pakati pa zikuluzikulu ziwiri. Mwachitsanzo, pakati kumpoto ndi kumadzulo mopendekeka ndi madigiri 45 ikuchitika wapakatikati malangizo. Iwo amatchedwa kumpoto, kum'mawa. Chimodzimodzi mbali imodzi inamangidwa aliyense nusu. Choncho analandira "azimuthal mphete", komabe zimawonedwa motsogozedwa madigiri 22,5, kuchitira akuthandiza gawo. Iwo ikhale kumpoto, kum'mawa mpaka kumadzulo, kumpoto ndi kum'mawa, ndi zina zotero. D.

Traveler ndi zinachitikira mosavuta kudziwa malangizo kumpoto nyengo iliyonse ndipo nthawi iliyonse tsiku. Komanso, zidzakhala zosavuta kupeza njira yabwino ndi popanda kampasi. Izi zimafuna mokwanira azimuthal mphete.

Azimuthal - ngodya amene angathe kuyeza kapena anamanga. N'zosavuta kudzatunga ndi pensulo ndi pepala, komanso pansi kuyeza reticle mtengo (diso). Pa mapu kapena mu kope yosavuta kuyeza ndi kumanga azimuths yabwino yosavuta protractor - protractor. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mulembe mfundo pakati, mbali ya kaja. Kenako kufunika ajambule kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino molunjika pakati pawo. Chongani kujambula mfundo anakhumba ndi kuonekera kampasi ake kupanga magalimoto pa makona kuti m'chizimezime, kufika kumpoto. Phinduza ngodya, amene akutchedwa azimuthal.

Mu mapu ochiritsira ali zambiri mizere ofukula - ndi kum'mawa, ndi kumadzulo m'mphepete mwa chimango ndi mzere wa ndondomeko amakona anayi ndi malangizo a kumpoto. Koma ofukula mizere gululi nthawi zina ndithu ikufanana ndi chimango khadi - kupanga njingayo. Iye si lalikulu kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri si n'komwe.

Mwachitsanzo, kufunika kuyeza azimuthal yolozera mzere mfundo kufika B. Transportir pakati (ziro mfundo) ndi superimposed pa mfundo wina, yemwe nkhwangwa yake zimayenda kuti pali kufanana kwa ofukula mizere khadi zina digiri protractor lonse kuchotsedwa madigiri kuwerengetsa mfundo A kuwalozera B.

Zimalondolera

Zimalondolera ndi kapangidwe osiyana. Ambiri ntchito kampasi kuti inamangidwa mu XIX m'ma Russian mapu Petrom Adrianovym. Dzina n'koyenera - COMPASS Hadrian. Masiku amenewo, Zimalondolera zinali za mkuwa, lero iwo anapangidwa pulasitiki.

Adrianov COMPASS ali zigawo zisanu: thupi reticule mphete ziwalo, ndi muvi umodzi wa maginito ndi kopanira.

Nkhani wozungulira zikugwirizana ndi consolidates zonse kamangidwe. Pa malo a lokhazikika mu singano zitsulo ndi Mwachidule, akankhidwira muvi. slits awiri pa mbali, kudzera wakupambana kachingwe kuti omangika pa mkono wake, ngati wotchi. Nthawi zina zaikidwa anamangirira chifukwa chovala mozungulira khosi kampasi lapansi. Pamwamba ndi kagawo akasupe yopangidwa ndi mkuwa, ndi thandizo lawo nyumba ndi yomatidwa ndi imazungulira pa diopter mphete.

The akuonadi mphete anaikapo galasi, pali protrusions awiri pa nsonga chapamwamba zace - ndi ntchentche diso. Pansi iwo ili lamkati zolosera mbali ziwiri triangular amene anaphimba zikuchokera wapadera, kuwala mu mdima. protrusions Awa ozolowera ndi kuwerengedwa kasinthasintha wa mphete kumaonekeranso madigiri pamlingo wa kampasi lapansi.

Mbali yaikulu ya kampasi wa - maginito singano. odulidwa ake kwa mbale zitsulo. Mapeto a muvi kunenanso kumpoto, yemweyo ❖ kuyanika zikuchokera, kuwala mu mdima. Muvi polowerera pa singano mosavuta, ndi mandala yaing'ono yomwe ili ku likulu lake, lomwe amachepetsa zotsatira ochepetsera a mbali onsewo. Kumbali m'munsi pali recess tapered, izo amadalira muvi singano zomwe amapereka kasinthasintha circumferentially.

Ziwalo - woyera mphete ndi magulu. Ndi ofanana ndi azimuthal mphete. Iwo ali yaitali mtanda umodzi, zomwe TACHIMATA ndi zikuchokera wowala - ichi ndi chiyambi cha magulu a Buku. Komatu pali mfundo zitatu zimene komanso kuwala mu mdima, ndipo pamwamba pawo imakonzedwa makalata kudziwa mfundo kampasi lapansi. Lililonse gulu la kampasi ndi madigiri atatu.

Clip - springy zitsulo mbale, anawerama mu theka. Pamene iye anakankhira outwards mwa kagawo mu nyumba, ndi mbale malekezero ali wothinikizidwa, potulutsa singano wa kampasi, ndipo ndi mandala wanga, "kukhala" pa singano. Pamene achepetsa akankhidwira m'kati kampasi - phula akasupe anaweramuka, kuchotsa singano muvi ndi kukanikiza kwa galasi. Mu udindo uwu kampasi ndi chatsekedwa ndi singano samagwira ntchito.

Mitundu ya makono ya Zimalondolera

Tsopano, pafupifupi malo zamtunduwu zili kampasi madzi ndi izo yabwino ndi wosavuta ntchito ndi. dzanja lake lili ndi kapisozi wapadera wodzala ndi madzi. Timatha mobwerera anaika m'njira kumpoto kwa masekondi angapo. Pali zambiri zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana Zimalondolera masewera, nthambi awo ali zolondola lonse magawano - digiri 2. kapisozi ili bwino pa khadi kampasi, amene ali wolamulira kuyeza. Pa bolodi lokha, komanso la kapisozi TACHIMATA anakonza mu mizere yomweyi, amene ali zosavuta kugwira ntchito ndi makadi.

Zimalondolera masiku ano ankavala pa dzanja la, komanso pa khosi ndi lamba wake. The babu ndi zingati iwo yopangidwa ndi zisulo amadza zosagwira, iwo ntchito bwino mu nyengo zosiyana.

Kuthana kampasi

Kofunika kuteteza chipangizo kuchokera amadza, makamaka mankhwala amadzimadzi. thupi lawo aumbike mwa mawonekedwe mbale Choncho, osalimba kwambiri. Komanso Mdera kampasi ayenera kuzipewa ndi zinthu zitsulo - uyu ali zoyipa pa singano maginito. Pamene kampasi si ntchito, muyenera kuvala pa dzanja lanu kapena khosi kapena oyera monga m'thumba mwake.

Malamulo ntchito ndi kampasi

Pali mitundu anayi zochita ndi kampasi kuti:

1. Podziwa kuti wotereyo kaja, mothandizidwa ndi kampasi angapezeke pa gawo lake. lotseguka monga nsomba, ndi muvi yokha isonyeza malangizo kumpoto. Ntchito chakwaniritsidwa: kumasulira kumpoto, n'kosavuta kupeza mbali zina za dziko. Ndi okwanira kukumbukira azimuthal mphete.
2. Kugwira ntchito ndi mapu ndi kampasi lapansi. M'pofunika oyendetsa mapu m'chizimezime pamagulu. Kuchita izi, iye anapotoloka kuti mayikidwe mizere pa mapu ndi kufanana kwa olamulira a kampasi muvi, ndi pamwamba pa mizere latsala kolakwika, loyang'ana kumpoto mapeto a malangizo maginito. Choncho, podziwa kuti m'chizimezime ngati, munthu mwaluso kuyenda pa mapu. Kampasi aikidwa pa mapu kuti anadutsa kumbali ya kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo kwa khadi. Kenako, lotseguka muvi, pambuyo iye anakhala bata, ayenera atembenuza mapu ndi kampasi mpaka mzere malire ndi muvi sadzakhala mu mzere womwewo. Muyenera kuonetsetsa kuti iwo ndendende mu mzere woongoka, ndi nsonga za "maonekedwe" mapu ndendende kumpoto. Tsopano khadi molondola zochokera mu njira yolondola, ndi n'zotheka kudziwa malangizo wathunthu imene chidwi ndi zinthu wamba, ndiye zooneka kaja.
3. Resection mzere - zotsatira za wochititsa, kumene kudziwa azimuthal akulongosola adalira yokambirana zikhomo, ndiye chimatsatira chandamale ankafuna.
4. Resection Zinasintha - zimene wochititsa, pamene iye anawona cholinga ndi kumadziwa kuti posachedwapa chimabisika view, ndi kampasi Mzimuyo maginito zimakhudza kwambiri m'Matchalitchi-chandamale. Izi zimathandiza ndi serif mwachindunji kufika malo anakhumba kudzera anakonza wina kumbuyo malangizo ena yokambirana.

Kuchokera pamenepa, ndizoonekeratu kuti pali zinthu ziwiri:

1. Pali ndemanga yonse ya m'deralo, koma pali azimuthal maginito wa chandamale anakhumba (otengedwa khadi).
2. Mwachidule malo lilipo, ndi chikhomo kuwoneka. Kodi tiyerekeze kuti munthu waima pa phiri atazunguliridwa ndi nkhalango, ndipo iye akudziwa kuti pamene izo zimayamba kusuntha, cholinga kwa nthawi yaitali saona wake. Ndiyeno iye adzapita njira yake pamodzi azimuthal (mwachindunji serifs).

Mu chimake choyamba, azimuthal ndi kuwapeza mapu, lachiwiri - ndi Zipangizo chandamale.

COMPASS Hadrian: molunjika mphako

1. A Cholozera wokwera pa ntchentche magawano nthambi Chofanana ndi azimuthal ankafuna.
2. Kampasi singano tidutse ndipo chimatsogoleredwa nthambi, mwachitsanzo nulshtrih nthambi kumadyetsedwa ndi kumpoto cha singano ndi onsewo thupi.
3. Pamaso (squinting maso ake) - muyenera kuyang'ana pa ntchentche padiso la kudula, ndiye diso amaona patali ndi item, amene anagwa pa ntchentche (kudutsa ndi chikhomo).
4. Tsopano ulamuliro wa ikuchitika yotsimikizira kuti moyenerera akuyendera 2 ndi 3 masitepe. malo kampasi sasintha, ndiye dzanja yatsekedwa.

Direct mphako limanenedwa nthawi yomweyo kuchita masamu pafupifupi mtunda kaja. Mukhoza ndiye mutu pakhomo chosaiwalika, n'kofunika kuti asataye. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhalango Zipangizo mtengo (maganizo) apuma pa mtengo winawake amene walandiridwa kwa kudutsa chosaiwalika. Ziyenera kukhala bwino kukumbukira osati kusokonezedwa ndi anthu ena. Monga benchmarks awa ayenera kusankhidwa zinthu lakutali chifukwa, pamene iwe ufika pa iwo, izo zidzakhala zofunikira kachiwiri kubwereza mphako molunjika. Opaleshoni imeneyi zimatenga nthawi.

Khama la azimuthal wa chosaiwalika looneka - Resection

1. Kampasi singano atamatula ziri zambiri (pafupifupi) kusintha mwa oyimba malangizo. Ntchentche, komanso pafupifupi, izo walangizidwa chosaiwalika mwa akusandutsa akuonadi mphete.
2. Kenako, nthambi chili ndi muvi ndi molondola kusintha pa ntchentche chikhomo.
3. Chotsatira ndi nulshtriha fufuzani ngati anasemphana kuchokera chakumpoto, kanthu chachiwiri akubwerezedwa.
4. Ndi kuwerengera nthambi chikutha singano yatsekedwa.

Direct ndi osiyanitsidwa serifs pa kampasi madzi

Direct:

1. kampasi ili pa mapu kuti mbali mapeto m'mphepete nkhawa ndi chipani Buku mfundo.
2. Mbali onsewo wa kampasi ndi zimayenda kuti kuopsa ndi kufanana kwa mapu a meridian maginito. Kawiri chiopsezo ayenera kuyang'ana kumpoto.
3. khadi lotsatira atachotsedwa. The nyumba umachitika horizontally ndi akutembenukira kwa kumpoto kwa muvi ili pa thupi pakati pa chiopsezo awiri. Mu udindo kupisa mbale mzere adzasonyeza malangizo kuyenda. Tsatirani pamzere olondola chifukwa kalozera Sikuti, muyenera ndimangoyang'ana kwa muvi sanasinthe udindo wake. Izi zipangitsa kukhudzana azimuthal kuyenda. Phula COMPASS, mosiyana mwachizolowezi, kusunga malangizo si pamzere olondola, komanso kuthawa. Ndikofunikira kudziwa m'mene isungeni pa malo yopingasa.

Contact:

1. kampasi The umachitika mu malo yopingasa, mawu onena imatsogoleredwa kwa lateral kapena ofananira m'mphepete mwa nyumba ya.
2. Ndiye likukhalira kuti kapisozi mpaka muvi amapezeka pakati pa chiopsezo awiri, akulozera kumpoto. Kenako, muyenera penyani madigirii angati akuonetsedwa pa nthambi pafupi ndi mzere pakati.

Tsopano Kuchitira analandira m'pofunika lembani mu kope a. Kudziwa zimene kaja ndipo azimuthal pa miyeso yolinganizira yoyenera, tikhoza kupita mu njira, kupanga serifs, kusamukira cholinga kufunika mwa mayendedwe bushing.

Koma sitiyenera kuiwala kuti aliyense umunthu kulakwitsa mu zonse, kuphatikizapo pa ntchito kampasi lapansi. Aliyense angathe kulakwitsa mu njira chosiyana: kusokoneza malekezero a mivi amatsogolera nthambi zolakwika, cholakwika kuvomereza zinthu zimene akufuna. kulakwitsa aliyense akhoza kukhala zodula kwambiri. Chifukwa, pokhala mu malo achilendo, makamaka kutali ndi kumene anthu, n'zosavuta kusochera. Choncho, apaulendo muyenera kukhala osamala kwambiri ndipo fufuzani kangapo.

Opanda kampasi Hadrian kuti dzanja lake ndi madzimadzi kwambiri, ndipo kovuta kukhazikitsa ndendende pa nthambi ziro bar. Ndi kwanzeru kwambiri kuvala kampasi iliyonse kuthandiza lolondola kwambiri. Momasuka chitsa mu nkhalango kapena monga n'kudziphatika Anapitirizabe mu nthaka. Komabe kuti reinsured - kuchita serifs si munthu, koma anthu ambiri Zimalondolera awiri kapena kuposa. Aliyense wochititsa ali ndi udindo kukopa iwiri: awiri a iwo pa nthawi yomweyo kupanga serifs. Ngati zotsatira anavomera, ndiye zonse zabwino. Ngati zosiyana pang'ono, pafupifupi amatengedwa. Koma pamene kuwerengetsera sizikugwirizana, ndiye opaleshoni m'pofunika kusintha kwathunthu.

Mu msonkhano gululi lagawidwa yachiwiriyo: molimba azimuthal (popanda khadi mosamalitsa azimuthal) ndi zoyenda pa zinthu (pa glades, njira, misewu), ndi Sichanzeru zina motsogozedwa ndi zoyerekeza malangizo (azimuthal chiongoko).

Nthawi zambiri, njira sikutheka kusuntha akuonadi mtengo, chifukwa iwo kupewa mavuto monga mitsinje, madambo, mapiri otsetsereka, atachuluka m'nkhalango madera nkhalango. Pankhaniyi, zotsatirazi likukhudza njira: alternately taphunzira kupatuka a azimuthal lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, lopereka wina kumanzere kwa ndalama, ndi zina - kumanja. Nthawi iliyonse kulambalala malangizo ena uphungu.

Pamene gululi amapita azimuthal madigiri atatu kupatuka amapereka pafupifupi peresenti asanu kuchepetsa zokolola mfundo. Choncho, azimuthal ali anagonjetsa kudzera M'kupita kwa nthawi (lathu) a zigawo payekha.

Luso kuthana ndi mapu ndi kampasi - zofunika wapaulendo. Ndi maluso a orienteering, podziwa kuti kutalika ngati a kaja ndi kukhala wokhoza zochokera mu azimuthal, wapaulendo sudzakhalanso kusochera pa mtunda lachilendo, kulikonse kumene iye anali. Iwo choncho tiyenera kupatsidwa kwa tcheru zonsezi wamkulu, akufuna kupita pa ulendo kapena kukwera.

Monga kusankha kampasi, ndiye wasankha munthu aliyense yekha, kuti ndi yabwino. Koma pali chizolowezi chakuti anakumana anthu okalamba kusankha akale ndi woona kampasi Hadrian, ndi achinyamata amakonda analogs ano. Onse akale ndi yamasika kuchita chinthu chabwino, chifukwa apa si kwa mayiko ndi chizolowezi. Ndipo kwenikweni, ntchito komanso chitsanzo zakale, watumikira zoposa khumi, ndi watsopano, bwino.

Ulendo wabwino ndi njira yabwino kwa aliyense amene akufuna kupita msasa! Kukhala nthawi zonse zooneka ndi maso mzere wa kaja!