Umboni kwa chirengedwe. Embryology, cytology, umboni biogeographic: Zitsanzo

Pakali pano, sayansi ali zambiri umboni wochirikiza choonadi cha njira chisinthiko. ndi kwambiri wosonyeza kusanduka chiyani? Embryological, amuzolengedwa, anatomical, biogeographical ndi zina umboni kuwunikira m'nkhani ino.

Common chiyambi cha dziko moyo

N'zovuta kuti titsimikize, koma zonse zamoyo (mabakiteriya, nkhungu, zomera, nyama) ndi pafupi zofanana mipweya. Mu thupi, aliyense woimira dziko zimakhala zidulo zofunika mkati ndi mapuloteni. Pamene izi zimachitika osati kufanana mu dongosolo, komanso ndi mphamvu ya maselo zimakhala. Umboni wa kusanduka (embryology, biogeographic zitsanzo anatomical angapezeke mu nkhani iyi) - ndi nkhani, amene ayenera kutsatira zonse.

Ziyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti pafupifupi zinthu zonse zamoyo padziko lapansi lapangidwa ndi maselo, amene ali ang'ono, "njerwa" moyo kwambiri. Komabe, ntchito zawo ndi kapangidwe ndi ofanana kwambiri kaya mtundu wa chamoyo.

umboni Embryological mfundo: mwachidule

Pali umboni embryological kuthandiza zasokoneza. Ambiri a iwo anali anapeza m'zaka za chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. akatswiri a masiku ano ndi iwo okha sanakane, komanso anatsindika zinthu zina zambiri.

Embryology - sayansi nkhawa ndi kuphunzira embryonic chitukuko cha zamoyo. Amadziwika kuti nyama iliyonse multicellular akukula dzira. Ndipo kufanana mu magawo oyambirira chitukuko Ndisanaumbidwe ndi pangano chiyambi awo wamba.

Umboni wa Karla Bera

Izi wasayansi wotchuka, amene anachita zinthu zatsopano zambiri, ankatha kuona kuti chordates onse ali kufanana wonse siteji koyamba za chitukuko. Mwachitsanzo, woyamba mu Ndisanaumbidwe akufotokozera poyambira, ndiye chubu ubongo ndi makutu. Ndi kufanana wathunthu wa mazira pa siteji oyambirira ndi kuyankhula za umodzi wa chiyambi cha chordates onse.

Kale pa magawo ina kusiyana noticeable mu mbali. Scientist Carl Baer ankaona kuti yekha zizindikiro za mtundu akhoza anatsimikiza magawo woyamba wa mwana wosabadwayo embryonic, kumene chamoyo. Only Patapita zikuoneka mbali khalidwe la kalasi ndi mitundu potsiriza detachment.

Umboni Haeckel-Müller

Ndi umboni embryological mfundo monga lamulo la Haeckel-Müller, kusonyeza ubale wa chitukuko munthu ndi mbiri yakale. Asayansi ankaona chakuti zamoyo multicellular akufotokozera, akuthamanga siteji Gawo limodzi, mwachitsanzo zygote. Mwachitsanzo, aliyense wa chamoyo multicellular mu magawo oyambirira chitukuko aonekera poyambira, yomwe kenako m'malo mwa msana. Komabe, makolo masiku ano nyama mbali iyi ya dongosolo minofu ndi mafupa analibe.

Ndi umboni embryological mfundo monga chitukuko cha slits gill mu nyama ndi mbalame. Zimenezi zimatsimikizira chiyambi cha otsiriza kuchokera makolo a kalasi Pisces.

lamulo Haeckel-Müller anati, chinyama chirichonse multicellular pa chitukuko embryonic wa munthu akupita mu magawo onse a phylogeny (mbiri yakale, chitukuko zamoyo zinachita).

umboni anatomical mfundo

Pali atatu aakulu anatomical umboni mfundo. Njirazi ndi monga:

1. Pamaso pa zizindikiro amene anali mu makolo a nyama. Mwachitsanzo, ena zinsomba akhoza kukula miyendo yakumbuyo ndi akavalo - ziboda yaing'ono. Zizindikiro zimenezi zimatha kudzali anthu. Mwachitsanzo, pali milandu kubereka mwana ndi mchira, kapena tsitsi lakuda pa thupi. atavisms akhoza anakambirana umboni wa zamoyo ndi akulu.
2. Pamaso pa nyama ndi zomera za mitundu Transitional wa zamoyo. Ndi zothandiza evglenu wobiriwira. Iye nthawi yomweyo pali zizindikiro za nyama ndi zomera. Kupezeka kwa mitundu kusintha otchedwa akutsimikiza kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha.
3. Zoyamba - ziwalo underdeveloped kapena ziwalo, amene lero simusowa kuti zamoyo n'kofunika. nyumba awa anayamba kupanga mwamsanga nthawi embryonic, koma pa nthawi Genesis mabasi, amakhalabe underdeveloped. Zitsanzo anatomical umboni mfundo tinganene kuti kuphunzira, monga zinsomba kapena mbalame. Pa anthu oyamba ndi m'chiuno lamba, pamene lachiwiri - ndi zosafunika yaing'ono tibia. Mwachitsanzo omveka kwambiri imatengedwa ngati kukhalapo kwa diso achikalekale nyama akhungu.

zifukwa biogeographical

Musanawerenge umboni izi, m'pofunika kumvetsa zimene akuphunzira biogeography. sayansi ndi kuphunzira Pantchito za kufala kwa zinthu zamoyo padziko lapansi. Woyamba mbiri mudziwe unayamba kuonekera mu chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu m'ma BC.

umboni Biogeographic mfundo akhoza kuphunzira ndi kulingalira khadi zoogeographical. Asayansi apeza ake asanu madera akuluakulu ndi zosiyanasiyana ndithu okhala padziko owayimilira.

Ngakhale kusiyana nyama ndi zomera, oimira zigawo zoogeographic adakali ndi mbali zambiri zofanana. Kapena M'malo mwake, patsogolo anapatula m'maiko, ndi zina zosiyana anthu awo. Mwachitsanzo, pa dera la Europe ndi ku Asia ndi North America Tingaone kwambiri kufanana zinyama, chifukwa mayiko awa anapatukana osati kale. Koma Australia, amene analekanitsidwa ndi mayiko ena anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a zaka kale, amakhala ndi zinyama achirendo kwambiri.

Features wa nyama ndi zomera pa zilumba

umboni Biogeographic mfundo ndi ofunika kuphunzira, kufufuza ena pachilumbachi. Mwachitsanzo, zamoyo pa zilumba, koma posachedwapa wosiyana kumtunda, musati amasiyana kwambiri ku dziko nyama m'maiko okha. Koma nthawi ndi chilumba ili pa kutali kumtunda, ndi zambiri kusiyana kwa nyama ndi zomera dziko.

Umboni m'munda wa paleontology

Palaeontology - sayansi kuti Maphunziro a zotsala zamoyo zinatha. Asayansi ndi akatswiri m'dera lino, ndi chidaliro Tingadziwe, kuti zamoyo zakale ndi pano ndi onse zambiri zofanana ndi zosiyana. Ndi umboni kwa chirengedwe. Embryological, biogeographic, anatomical ndi mfundo paleontological Takambirana kale.

mudziwe phylogenetic

Deta yotere ndi chitsanzo chachikulu ndi kutsimikizira kwa ndondomeko zamoyo zinachita, monga kulola kumvetsa peculiarities wa magulu munthu wa zamoyo.

Mwachitsanzo, wotchuka wasayansi VO Kovalevsky anatha kuonetsa pa zamoyo wa akavalo chitsanzo. Iye anatsimikizira kuti nyama kusanduka kuchokera odnopalye makolo-atagwira asanu okhala padziko lathuli pafupifupi mamiliyoni makumi asanu zapitazo. Nyama zimenezi zinali omnivores ndi moyo mu nkhalango. Komabe, kusintha nyengo zachititsa kuti kuchepa lakuthwa m'dera nkhalango ndi kukula kwa woyendera nthambi steppe. Kuti azolowere zinthu zatsopano, nyama zimenezi zinali kuphunzira kupulumuka mu iwo. Kufunika nadzapeza msipu wabwino ndi chitetezo kwa adani zachititsa kuti zamoyo zinachita kusintha. Kwa mibadwo yambiri izi zinachititsa kuti zinthu zisinthe ku malekezero. chiwerengero cha phalanges yafupika ku asanu ndi limodzi. Iwo anasintha ndipo kapangidwe ka lake lonse.

Umboni wa kusanduka (embryology, biogeographical ndi zitsanzo zina m'nkhani ino), mukhoza tikambirane za mitundu zinatha. Mwachibadwa, zamoyo zinachita kusintha akadali akupangidwa. Asayansi padziko lonse mukusaka mudziwe zambiri za chitukuko komanso kusintha kwa zinthu zamoyo.