Kodi kudya lichens? Features wa lichens, kapangidwe awo ndi kubalana

Dziko la chikhalidwe ndi wapadera ndi osiyanasiyana zosaganizika. Chaka chilichonse, asayansi apange atulukira onse atsopano amene amatiululira chiyembekezo zodabwitsa kuphunzira m'dzikoli. Koma zamoyo komanso bwino kwambiri wamoyo, amene amadziwa kuyambira nthawi makedzana, adakali kudabwa. Mwachitsanzo, ndere. Iwo ali ophweka, koma mbali ya moyo wawo ndi zachilendo kwambiri.

Inu mukudziwa momwe kudya ndere? Kwenikweni ndi ndondomeko wapadera umene uyenera anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane.

chidziwitso cha kuchulukitsa kwa

Nthawi zambiri, amakhala ovuta kwambiri nkhani zophunzira, chifukwa chakuti iwo akuimilira ndi kudalirana kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana. Aliyense kudalirana ndere anapanga autotrophic ndi heterotrophic algae bowa. Iwo ankadziwa kuti loyamba kuphunzira sayansi ndi yofunika ntchito iliyonse chamoyo payekha. Njira imeneyi kuphunzira Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa awo amapereka zambiri zolakwa ndi zolakwa, ndi chifukwa asayansi ali ndi mafunso ambiri, sikuti ndi mayankho. Komabe, ofufuza koma kudziwa dongosolo ambiri.

kapangidwe mkati

Ambiri, thupi lonse la ndere ndi - ndi intertwining ikuluikulu ya mafangasi hyphae, yomwe ili mkati njuchi autotrophic algae. Masiku ano, sayansi ya mitundu zotsatirazi ndere:

• Gomeomernye mitundu (Collema). maselo Photobiont madera (algae) m'njira wachisokonezo anamwazikana thupi lonse.
• Heteromeric (Peltigera canina). Chigawo mtanda Tingaone momveka zigawo aakulu (hyphae) ndi algae.

Koposa zonse pali ndere, kapangidwe ka ozikidwa pa mfundo yomalizayi. Pankhaniyi, lonse pamwamba wosanjikiza aumbike ku wandiweyani plexus makamaka mafangasi minofu oteteza thupi ku ndere mavuto chilengedwe. Komanso, bowa ndi kumathandiza kwambiri kudya kuyanika (koma kumathandiza nthawi zonse).

Wosanjikiza lotsatira ndi autotrophic algal njuchi. Pakati penipeni ndi ndere, umene ndi mtolo mwamphamvu ya zapiringizana hyphae wa bowa njuchi ndi autotrophs. Izi "ndodo" ntchito wapawiri: pa dzanja limodzi, ndere amasungidwa pachimake madzi. Pa zina - ndi mtundu wa mafupa a thupi. Mu mmunsi pali riziny. Mtundu uwu wa kuphatikana imene ndere amakhulupirirabe gawo lapansi ndi. Kumbukirani kuti lonse limapezeka osati mitundu yonse.

Mitundu ina lichens (tsianolishayniki) yodziwika ndi mfundo madera kuti dongosolo lawo mwamphamvu isanafalikire tsianovodorosley. Izi mitundu ya layering ndi chopangitsa ofotokozedwa bwino. Popeza kudya lichens? Yankho la funso limeneli mwachindunji ndi mbali imodzi ya ndondomeko ya dzuwa ali.

Za ndondomeko ya dzuwa

Pali zikwi maphunziro kuti ali odzipereka kwa peculiarities wa dzuwa mu zinthu izi symbiotic. Popeza za 10-15% buku wotanganidwa ndi algae, amene amapereka pafupifupi onse zakudya, pali mafunso ambiri za kukula kwa ndondomekoyi. Oddly zokwanira, koma miyezo yosavuta zimasonyeza kuti mlingo wa dzuwa mu lichens kwambiri m'munsi poyerekeza ndi zomera apamwamba autotrophic. Choncho, ngati fanizo mbatata wamba chiŵerengero adzakhala 1:16.

Koma kufotokozera ndi moyo ntchito kwambiri zinthu zimenezi wovutika? Ambiri, palibe makamaka zovuta za izo. chakuti mbewu autotrophic apamwamba zamoyo zambiri za moyo wake, "maso", pomwe lichens m'madera ena pafupifupi chaka chonse ndi theka-zouma boma, mu inaimitsidwa makanema ojambula. Kumene, ndi zokwanira zakudya zochepa kuchirikiza moyo.

Apa mmene kudya ndere. Kalasi 7 mu sukulu kwachilengedwenso cholinga akhoza kufufuza nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane, koma mu nkhani iyi, mayankho a mafunso ambiri zofunika za pulogalamu muyezo maphunziro sakutero. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mapangidwe organic kudyetsa msanga, ndipo pamene - pang'ono mofulumira?

Kodi Mzimuyo mlingo wa dzuwa mu lichens?

Tikumbukenso kuti mphamvu ya ndondomeko imeneyi zimadalira zosiyanasiyana yotakata zinthu. N'kofunikanso kuti chloroplasts, akulalikidwa ndi wosanjikiza wandiweyani wa hyphae, kulandira kuli kuwala kuposa anthu apamwamba zomera maphunziro autotrophic ndipo ngakhale algae. Kwenikweni, kusiyana si kofunika kwambiri.

Chonde kudziwa kuti phindu pazipita dzuwa anamuona zounikira mkati 4000-23000 lux. Zimenezi zingapezeke mu malo aakulu a lichens: Titafika pamalo, nkhalango, kuwala nkhalango ya kumpoto. M'madera amene mphamvu kuwala apamwamba kwambiri mu thupi la chamoyo symbiotic akuyamba m'badwo tima ya mdima pigment organic (parietina) okhaokha ndere zinthu zenizeni (atranorina Mwachitsanzo).

Chifukwa dzuwa organic zinthu kwathunthu analogous kwa anthu a zomera apamwamba. Iwo ntchito mafomu chakudya. Apa mmene kudya ndere. 7 kalasi ya maphunziro kusukulu ya sekondale ya njira ya moyo chabe, ngakhale nkhani imeneyi ndi yaikulu ndi chidwi kwambiri. Tikupereka inu mudziwe yaitali, zimenezi si chidwi kokha, komanso zothandiza.

The ndondomeko ya kupuma

N'kosavuta kwa ndikuganiza kuti kupanga zakudya zimadalira kupuma lapansi. Mosiyana ndi dzuwa mu lichens ndiye kwambiri: 0.2-2.0 mg wa SO₂ paola zazikulu galamu imodzi yokha ya symbiotic chamoyo. Ngati mwawerenga mosamala mfundo kumtunda kwa nkhaniyi, inu mwina anazindikira kuti pafupifupi 85-90% ya kulemera imagwera pa kulemera kwa ndere mikobionta. Kunena mwachidule, mpweya pamafunika zambiri za bowa m'malo algae autotrophic. Popeza kudya lichens pansi bwinobwino zinthu zochuluka zonse (chifukwa - woopsa nyengo), zambiri za zakudya ndi kusungidwa mu zimakhala zawo.

Monga dzuwa, kupuma ndondomeko zimadalira kuchuluka kwa madzi.

Chonde kudziwa kuti madzi osachepera kupuma, chimene chili chofunika kupeza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kuchokera zakudya, ndere akuzisunga pafupifupi zinthu zonse (oyenera moyo, kumene). Zimenezi n'zotheka zotsatirazi ranges kutentha: kwa -15 kuti +30, +50 ° C. Komabe, kutentha akadakwanitsira ranges ku +15 kuti +20 ° C. Ndi kuzirala akuyamba kulamulira ntchito mpweya. Ndipo pamene anatola madigiri zoposa 35 za ndondomeko kutentha onse limagwirizana.

Chitsanzo kumene ndere (chithunzi cha mtundu ali m'nkhani), anabweretsa umodzi wa Moscow zakale ngakhale Royal m'mabwinja Society ulendo, mwakachetechete anapezanso umoyo wawo anaika mmodzi wa antchito mu mphika maluwa ndi nthaka pang'ono lonyowa. Koma pa nthawi imene iye anali usinkhu wa zaka 90 ndinali mouma, anatseka bokosi zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho ndipo nthawi zambiri anali akumanidwa ngakhale dziko!

N'zosadabwitsa kuti zinthu izi chidwi zamoyo ano. Lichens Ndithu akadali zinsinsi zambiri, Kuwulura umene mwina kwambiri kunathandiza chitukuko cha mankhwala.

Asayansi asonyeza kuti mfundo za lichens kupuma imvera malamulo mofanana pa nkhani ya zomera autotrophic apamwamba. Koma pali kusiyana, amene waukulu kukhala patsogolo yosiyaniranapo pakati mpweya kutengedwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mpweya. Ndiponso ndi kugonjetsedwa phenomenally kuyanika, otsika ndi kutentha. Nzosadabwitsa ndere ndi lichens akhoza kukula ngakhale Arctic.

zinthu kutentha

The yabwino kwambiri dzuwa mu lichens kutentha osiyanasiyana kuchokera +10 kuti +25 madigiri Celsius. Koma luso kuyamwa mpweya woipa iwo tasunga digiri -25. Iyi ndi mbali chidwi kwambiri lichens, amene amasiyanitsa iwo zomera apamwamba ngakhale algae. Pamene kutentha -5 kuti -10 digiri mwamphamvu kuloŵerera mpweya woipa pafupifupi kuposa zinthu yabwino. Mu zomera zambiri, mu nkhani iyi danga intercellular anapanga ayezi chabe akuswa maselo.

Koma lichens pa makungwa a mitengo kuti kwenikweni akuswa nkhanza kumpoto nyengo (molimba chisanu), zimasangalala pa zosayembekezereka wa nyengo ofunda.

NKHANI kuwombola madzi

ofufuza anapeza kuti lichens ndi makamaka mtundu kwenikweni kagayidwe madzi. chakuti madzi m'thupi awo ali mu malo pakati pa hyphae amphamvu. Pamene amaundana, sizidzakhalakonso. sachiza, ndi ndondomeko ya dzuwa ndi zakudya akupitiriza kulankhula. Komabe, pamene kutentha liukitsidwa digiri 35 centigrade ndi zambiri dzuwa ndondomeko pafupifupi mabasi, kuti ndi mwapadera kwa zomera lichens.

Kuchuluka kwa madzi amene adzakhala zokwanira chamoyo wabwinobwino, zimadalira banja. Choncho, lichens Kasungu angathe dzuwa ndi kupanga organic kwa kudyetsa madzi m'thupi pafupifupi onse. The thicker thupi, zambiri zikhoza kudziunjikira chinyezi, chindichepere izo ukuphwera.

Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri ndendende chifukwa lichens, kuyambira nthawi zambiri iwo kukula mu zinthu zovuta, pamene kwambiri kapena zochepa zonse otaya madzi kwathunthu kungakupatseni. mbewu iliyonse akanafa pa nkhani zimenezi. Ndere ndi nacho ngakhale mu nkhope ya zipululu awa ndi Arctic.

Lamulo la kuwombola madzi

Munthu angathe kumvetsa kuti ntchito zolimbana a kagayidwe madzi zamoyo izi zoti mosiyana kuposa zomera apamwamba. Popeza n'zosathandiza machitidwe apadera kwa cholinga ichi. Mwachitsanzo, mayamwidwe madzi iwo mofulumira kwambiri, koma likuvutika wamba izo odzipereka padziko lonse thupi. Mukhoza kuchititsa kuyesera losavuta: kutsanulira pa gome pang'ono madzi ndi malo pa nsalu kapena matope a pepala chimbudzi.

Monga mukuonera, madzi yomweyo chosakanikirana, chifukwa pepala kapangidwe ali absorbency wabwino. Chinthu chomwecho chikuchitika mu nkhani ya lichens. Kotero, ife anayang'ana pa Zomwe zinachitika ndi kuyambira kalekale adzauma buku chimene chinaperekedwa kamodzi anabweretsa ulendo. Pamene wantchito anaika ndere mu mphika maluwa, iye basi nthawi yomweyo chosakanikirana buku la madzi, umene unali moti kubwezeretsa moyo.

Ena lichens Kasungu amatha kuyamwa kuchuluka yaikulu madzi, zomwe akulemera mpaka 300% zawo. Ena mitundu (collema, leptogiumy) kuwonjezeka kukula kotero kuti 400-3900%! Ngati ife kulankhula za okhutira osachepera madzi, ndi za 2% ya kulemera youma nkhani ndere ndi. Izi ndere (chithunzi angapezeke mu nkhani iyi) maonekedwe ofanana kwambiri ndi zamoyo.

Mlingo wa angadzachite madzi

Monga momwe zilili ndi pepala chimbudzi, limapereka madzi mtembo wa symbiotic chamoyo m'malo mofulumira. Monga ola limodzi ndere kuti wachita odzipereka pafupifupi lita imodzi ya madzimadzi akhoza youma ndi mkhalidwe Chimaona. Choncho, "zokolola" ya zinthu izi kwambiri cyclical: chitukuko cha zinthu trophic akhoza linachokera kusintha osati nthawi, koma kwa ola limodzi kapena awiri!

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, asayansi ena mitundu ndere zimene zimakhala Titafika pamalo (Evernia prunastri), mwina bwino ntchito monga "nyenyeswa" dzuwa, zina kuswa kupyolera wosanjikiza wa chisanu. Mwachidule, iwo ndi dzuwa sasiya ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira.

kubalana wa lichens

Komanso, mbali ya lichens zilipo kubereka njira zitatu:

• Vegetative.
• Kugonana.
• Sexless.

Bowa, mwachitsanzo mikobiont akhoza kuchulukitsa mwa njira iliyonse, pamene Seaweed amatha okha magawano vegetative. spores The anayikidwa mu matumba wapadera. Askomitsetnye lichens kwa ndondomeko kubalana amagwiritsa magulu awiri aakulu a matupi fruiting: apothecia ndi perithecia. makhalidwe awo ali motere:

• Apothecia ndi bedi ochiritsira anamaliza. Pa ndi matumba omwe anakonza mu mipata pakati pa ochiritsira, si mathero hyphae. wosanjikiza iyi akutchedwa otsegula pabwino gimeniumom.
• Perithecia ofanana ndi kapangidwe pafupifupi mwathunthu chatsekedwa wa mawonekedwe ozungulira. spores The akumasulidwa kudzera m'maenje, zomwe zili pamwamba pa gawo chipatso.

Ena mitundu akhoza kukhala ndi asexual spores piknospory (piknokonidii). Malo a maphunziro awo ndi pycnidia. Izi sacs ozungulira kapena zambiri pyriform, amene ali apadera kwambiri hyphae. Pycnidia zovuta kuvomereza kuti iwo amaoneka ngati madontho akuda anakonza pa bedi.

Pamene mikangano kudzuka, iwo ali mu zinthu abwino, mwamsanga kungadzutse gifam latsopano kupanga thupi la ndere latsopano. Iwo (hyphae) ndi autotrophic kudutsa maselo algal kenako n'kupanga chamoyo latsopano kwenikweni ikutha.

mtengo

Ambiri, ndere ndi lichens ndi yofunika kwambiri. Mu Titafika pamalo ndi kozizira chipululu iwo - Nthawi zambiri yekha autotrophic zamoyo kuti akhoza kudziunjikira thanzi zinthu organic zinthu chowawa kwambiri. Mwachidule, zamoyo izi ndi gwero chakudya cha herbivores ochepa amene angakhale mu malo otero nkhanza. Komanso, lichens yekha pa mitengo ngakhale nyengo yathu zambiri kulola kuti apulumuke yozizira Mwachitsanzo, mbawala ndi roe gwape.