Kodi mafuta mu chikhalidwe

Zambiri amatchedwa mafuta, "golide wakuda", monga phindu wabwino kwa anthu, amene umabala izo. Ambiri amadabwa mmene mafuta chinapangidwa ndi zimene kapangidwe kake. Kenako, yesani kumvetsa izo.

Gawo

The mafuta zikuchokera limapangidwa ndi zigawo izi:

- Hydrocarbon. chigawo ichi wagawanika, nayenso naphthenic, methane ndi zinthu za mtundu onunkhira.

- Asphaltic. Anagawa gulu la zinthu deta ndi zinthu sungunuka mu mafuta. Iwo akutchedwa asphaltenes. Komanso, zigawo zikuluzikulu insoluble (resins).

- Ash. Izi osiyana mankhwala zinthu anapanga pa kuyaka kwa mafuta.

tsogolo

mankhwala pawiri. Ndicho, pali yosakongola ndi mafuta woyengeka. Mbali yoyamba amanena za zinthu zimene aumbike mwa chilengedwe. Mwa zina, wapangidwa ndi makombo a miyala, mipweya, madzi ndi mchere. Chifukwa chakuti zigawo izi sichina zothandiza kuti munthu si mafuta alimi, ndi kuwonongeka kwa zipangizo, muchisiye iwo ndi kukonza mafuta.

Wa anati mchere opangidwa mapulasitiki, detergents, utoto, mabomba. Dizilo mafuta ndi mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta bwino. Ngakhale matayala yopangidwa kuchokera ku mchere izi. Wina mafuta opangidwa mankhwala ena.

Mafupa - zakuthupi chonde. Ndipo mwa ichi ndi kutembenuka mphamvu kumachitika. Ndicho, makina, ikukhudzana etc. Ngati zitsime zamafuta akatha, ndiye anthu ndi kufunafuna m'malo ake. mankhwala lidzaloŵa m'malo zambiri haidrojeni ali madzi. Koma anthu ali kuziphunzira mmene angagwirire mphamvu haidrojeni. Pakali pano, asayansi akhala akugwira ntchito pa nkhani imeneyi.

Kodi anali mafuta?

Tiyeni tione mfundo imeneyi mwatsatanetsatane. Pali maganizo awiri pa momwe mafuta anapanga. Iwo panopa adani awo ndi anthu pakati pa asayansi.

Chiphunzitso № otchedwa biogenic 1. Malinga ndi iye, maphunziro, ndondomeko mafuta zinachitikadi a zotsalira zosiyanasiyana organic zomera ndi nyama pa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Chiphunzitsochi ankaphedwa kaye patsogolo wotchuka Russian wasayansi Mikhail Lomonosov

chitukuko anthu osauka mofulumira kwambiri kuposa mlingo wa mapangidwe mafuta. Choncho, sanali zongowonjezwdwa zachilengedwe. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso biogenic, mafuta yatha posachedwapa. Asayansi ena kuneneratu kuti atulutse "golide wakuda" adzakhala osaposa zaka 30.

chiphunzitso china zambiri upbeat ndipo amapereka chiyembekezo kwa kampani zikuluzikulu mafuta. Kuzitcha izo abiogenic. Woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso chimenechi chinali Di Mendeleev. Tsiku lina, anatsegulapo Baku, anakumana ndi miyala ndi nthaka wotchuka Germanom Abihom kuti naye nawo maganizo ake za mmene mafuta aumbike. Abikh anaona kuti madipoziti onse yaikulu ya mchere izi zili makamaka pafupi ming'alu ndi fissures ya matanthwe a.

Ankadziwanso zimenezi, Mendeleev analenga zamoyo yekha zimene mafuta aumbike mwa chilengedwe. Lembali limati pamwamba madzi, zomwe ingaloŵe pa dziko lapansi yokhudza kotekisi mwa ming'alu, wakwiya ndi zitsulo ndi carbides awo. Chifukwa, chimasanduka anapanga. Adzawuka pang'onopang'ono ming'alu chomwecho mu matanthwe a pansi padziko. M'kupita kwa nthawi, malo amenewa munda mafuta. Zimenezi sakondwera zaka zoposa 10.

Izi chiphunzitso za mmene mafuta anapanga pansi, kupereka ufulu amavomereza asayansi kuti m'matangadza wa mankhwala adzakhala zokwanira kwa zaka zambiri. Ie miyala ya mchere izi ungakonzedwe, ngati munthuyo ali pa nthawi kupanga amasiya. Izi zachitika mu zikhalidwe za kukula zonse anthu ndi zosatheka. chiyembekezo chimodzi chopereka madipoziti latsopano. Monga lero, ife akugwira ntchito kuzindikira umboni atsopano a choonadi cha abiogenic chiphunzitso. Mumadziwika Moscow wasayansi zasonyeza kuti ngati usavutike madigiri 400 hydrocarbon iliyonse yomwe ali polinaftenovoy chigawo, padzakhala kumasulidwa ndi mafuta oyera. Iyi ndi mfundo yofunika kwambiri.

mafuta yokumba

mukhoza kupeza mankhwala zasayansi. Iwo anaphunzira kuchita m'zaka lomaliza. N'chifukwa chiyani anthu kuchotsamo mafuta pansi pa nthaka, ndipo izo ndi kaphatikizidwe? Popeza kuti adzakhala chachikulu phindu msika. zipatso zake kopindulitsa.

chakuti mankhwala akhoza kulandira zasayansi pofuna kutsimikizira pamwamba chiphunzitso abiotic. Izo posachedwapa amapereka mwa ambiri.

Chifukwa kupanga gasi

Taganizirani poyerekeza, chiyambi cha mchere wa. Imfa zamoyo, alinkugwa pansi panyanja, ndi akukhala iwo ngakhale linakwiriridwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni (pali pafupifupi palibe mpweya ndi mpweya), kapena kuchita ndi tizilombo. Chifukwa cha zimene anapanga m'dambo silty. Chifukwa kayendedwe Geological, iwo anapita pansi kwambiri, ozama matumbo a dziko lapansi. Kwa zaka mamilioni m'dambo amenewa poyera kuti kutentha ndi mavuto. Chifukwa, izo anatenga ndondomeko makamaka zakufa izi. Ndiko kuti, mpweya umene uli zakufa, ndi wadutsa mu mankhwala otchedwa chimasanduka. Zimenezi ndi nemaloznachimym mu mapangidwe mankhwala ananena.

Mkulu kulemera chimasanduka maselo ndi zinthu zamadzimadzi. A iwo ndi kulenga mafuta. Koma otsika maselo kulemera zinthu ndi chimasanduka gaseous mtundu. Mu chikhalidwe, anapeza anthu ambiri ndithu a iwo. limodzi ndi monga gasi analandira. Only zimenezi zimafuna kuthamanga apamwamba kutentha. Choncho, pamene mafuta yotengedwa, ndi zopezeka ndiponso gasi.

Anthu ambiri miyala ya mchere apita akuya kwambiri. Kwa zaka mamilioni iwo oletsedwa miyala nyanja.

Khama la mitengo mafuta

Taganizirani izi ndi terminology. Pa mtengo wa mafuta ndi kupezeka kwa ndalama yokwana chiŵerengero cha okwanira ndi akumufuna. Pali chiyanjano ena. Ndiko kuti, ngati pempholo imagwera ndiye kuti agwirizane ndi kufunika kukwera mtengo.

Mtengo wa mafuta komanso zimadalira zam'tsogolo kapena mapangano kwa mankhwala m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Ichi ndi chinthu chapadera. Mwamsanga ogwidwawo mafuta ndi zina zaphindu malonda zam'tsogolo pa akalozera katundu. Mtengo wa mankhwala imaonekera mu mtundu lonse. Ndicho, ndalama US pa mbiya. Choncho mtengo 45,50 pa UKOIL zikutanthauza kuti 1 mbiya ya Brent anati mankhwala ndalama $ 45,50.

Mtengo wa mafuta - ndi chizindikiro wofunika kwambiri ku msika katundu wa Russia. Mtengo wake ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chitukuko cha dziko. Mu mphamvu ambiri index izi anatsimikiza ndi mtundu wa mmene chuma chikuyendera mu United States. Nkofunika kudziwa polimbana ndi funso mmene mtengo wa mafuta aumbike. Mosavuta kulosera za mphamvu ya msika wogulitsa kumafuna review kufunika kwa mchere mu nthawi inayake (sabata imodzi), ndipo osati zokhazo, kodi mtengo lero.

chifukwa

Tatchulazi lili zambiri zothandiza. Mutawerenga lemba limeneli, aliyense angathe kumva kusankha funso mmene mafuta ndi gasi amapangidwa m'chilengedwe.