Kodi mawu ndi matanthauzo ambiri?

chinenero chathu wolemera ndi m'zigawozigawo. Nthawi zina, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu makamaka, ife sindikuganiza za malire tanthauzo lake. Ife tikudziwa kuti dziko lapansi - dzina la dziko lathuli, ndipo dziko lapansi - iyi ndi mbali ya padziko, dziko nthaka. Komanso, ife tonse tikudziwa kuti dziko - ndi onse otizungulira, ndi dongosolo la nthawi yomweyo dziko - ndi kusowa udani, moyo wopanda nkhondo. Ena kutanthauzira semantically osiyana, ife kufotokoza chomwecho mayunitsi lexical, ndiwo mawu ndi matanthauzo angapo. Tiye tione chifukwa chake.

N'chifukwa chiyani pali mawu ndi tanthauzo lake angapo m'chinenero?

zilankhulo wina AA Potebnya, amene anakhalapo zaka za m'ma XIX, mu monograph wake "Ndinkaganiza ndi Language" analemba kuti chitukuko cha mawu wamunthu motsogozedwa abstraktizatsii wamkulu.

Pamene makolo athu anaphunzira mmene tikumvera maganizo ndi zofuna zawo kudzera mwa phokoso, iwo sankadziwa chimene Masamu ndi tebulo nthawi, sanali kusiyanitsa pakati pa malingaliro a "oipa" kapena "zoopsa," "chabwino" kapena "wolemekezeka." Mawu oyamba anatchula zinthu, zochitika ndi maganizo, luso kuzindikira ndi kusonyeza kuti kunali koyenera tsiku ndi tsiku. Mofananamo, ana amene angoyamba kumene kuphunzira kulankhula, choyamba ntchito mawu osavuta kumva monga "mayi", "Bambo", "Home", "tebulo", ndipo kumvetsa chomwe chimatanthauza mtima, chisangalalo, udani, mkwiyo.

Pa kukula kwa mphamvu wakale anthu maganizo zosangalatsa ndi mawunikidwe pali kufunika kuti abwere ndi zizindikiro watsopano malingaliro yamasika tsiku. Nthawi zina, monga zizindikiro zimenezi zitagwiritsidwa ntchito mawu alipo chinenero, amene Komabe, anapatsidwa tanthauzo latsopano. Koma nthawi yomweyo tanthauzo loyambirira la mawu anakhalabe. Choncho panali mawu ambiri amene ali ndi matanthauzo angapo.

Monga mukazindikira zizindikiro ndi makhalidwe angapo

Mu zilankhulo, mawu amene ali ndi matanthauzo angapo, wotchedwa Mipikisano ofunika. Ndi mawu a zilankhulo Russian, ndi sayansi achilendo mawu amenewa amatchedwa polysemic (ku polis Greek -. "A zambiri" ndi semanticos - "amatanthauza").

Russian Academician vv Vinogradov otchedwa polysemy luso la mawu popereka zosiyanasiyana zokhudza zinthu ndi zochitika zenizeni owonjezera chinenero. Izo ziyenera kuti tanthauzo chibadidwe mawu, ndi zenizeni zamalankhulidwe chipolopolo otchedwa lexical tanthauzo. Ife kale zitsanzo za mawu a kutanthauzira, imene matanthauzo ambiri lexical. Komabe, anthu ochepa chabe amene akudziwa kuti mawu akuti "mtendere" si awiri, koma asanu ndi awiri mfundo! Inu angaletse izi ofotokozera dictionary Ozhegova.

Polysemy ndi homonymy

Mu zilankhulo, monga mwa sayansi ena, pali mfundo, amene ali mwa zokambirana. Mwachitsanzo, AA Potebnya ndi Jakobson ankakhulupirira kuti mawu ndi matanthauzo angapo kulibe, chifukwa ngati chizindikiro nthaŵi zina wabwera kutanthauza chinthu china kapena chodabwitsa, izo zasintha ngale ake zamalankhulidwe.

Komabe, mu chikhalidwe galamala ziphunzitso za polysemy ndi homonymy akadali zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale chuma Intaneti amachita kukhumuditsidwa.

Akukhulupirira kuti mawu amene ali ndi matanthauzo angapo, koma kusunga zonse kutanthauzira kwa malo ake zamalankhulidwe, lingaliro kuti chikuchititsa wa nyumba lexical unit. Iwo amaganiza kuti mau polysemous pali kupitiriza amatsogoza, pamene si homonyms. Mwachitsanzo, Crane ndi Crane ku khitchini, n'kulemba "G" ndi gome mchere - izo homonyms, osati mawu osokoneza, chifukwa palibe ubale zamalankhulidwe pakati pawo.

Kodi mawu angapo

Akukhulupirira kuti polysemy amapezeka mu njira zitatu:

• Ndi kutengerapo zophiphiritsira chabe. Mu fanizo ankanena za kusamuka kwa mawu, zochokera kufanana kwa nkhani zingapo. Mwachitsanzo: njere ya tirigu - mbewu ya choonadi.
• Mothandizidwa ndi metonymy. Ndi metonymy kumvetsa kufunika kwa kusintha mawu kwa wina ndi mzake pamaziko a pamaso pa ubale zamalankhulidwe pakati pa mfundo. Mwachitsanzo: mbale zopangidwa zadothi mtengo - zokoma French zakudya.
• Kudzera synecdoche. akatswiri a zinenero ambiri amakhulupirira kuti synecdoche ndi nkhani yapadera ya metonymy. Iwo limanenedwa ngati kulanda udindo lonse. Mwachitsanzo: ndi "nzika kunyumba" m'malo mwa "banja kunyumba" ndi "kunyumba kwa America" m'malo mwa "kubwerera ku Russia" (ngati tili mu malingaliro ndi kufika ku dziko lawo, ndipo mwachindunji ku nyumba kwake ku nyumba wina).

Zitsanzo za mawu osokoneza

Izo zikhoza kapadera kuti dzina la dziko lathuli - Earth - anaonekera kachiwiri pa maudindo dziko la nthaka. Ndipotu, anthu ndi nyama, alipo pa dziko, ndi ndendende malo awo pano. Dzina la dziko aumbike mwa kutengerapo metonymic, ndiko kuti, zoti padziko kunditumiza ku lonse lathunthu. ifenso kunena kuti, mwachitsanzo, kalasi amamvetsera mphunzitsi, kutanthauza si chipinda, koma kukhala ophunzira ake.

Magwafa ife timachitcha zipatso ndi chitsamba chimene iwo kukula. Polysemy kupangika pamaziko a synecdoche. Koma tanthauzo colloquial a "rasipiberi" - "phanga la achifwamba" ndi M'malomwake, homonym kwa zitsanzo zina ziwiri za ntchito zake.

Kodi mawu akuti "kutonthoza"?

Kodi akhoza kukuwuzani mwakamodzi - mfundo imodzi kapena zambiri ali mawu "kutonthoza"? Kuchokera Maphunziro a Russian chinenero aliyense amadziwa kuti wotchedwa mbali ya mawu apafupi ndi muzu ndipo akutumikira kusintha mtengo wa unit lexical. Ndi nauni anachokera ku mawu akuti "kumamatira" ndipo kwenikweni akuitana zonse "ndi anamuikizira", womwenso pafupi chinachake.

matanthauzo awiri a mawu mu otanthauzira chinenero Russian anati:

• tepi kutonthoza, ikuthandizira mphamvu ya cholamitsa;
• morpheme manambala oyambirira;
• komanso manambala oyambirira zaka 10-15 zapitazo otchedwa malo apadera masewera pafupifupi.

puns zinenero zochokera ambiguity ndi homonymy

Mu chinenero chirichonse anayamba ali mawu zofanana mu mawonekedwe, koma ndi matanthauzo osiyana. Kuphatikiza zinthu lexical mu mutu ntchito kulenga zotsatira azithunzithunzi, masewera - pun. Yesetsani kuwafotokozera zomwe ndi maziko azithunzithunzi zotsatira za mawu otsatirawa:

• Ndimatchetcha oblique kuluka.
• Iye ankalimbikitsa kukhulupirira zopita mbaula usiku onse. Ndi m'mawa nakufwa.
• Azingobwereza ife azingobwereza.
• Iye anaphunzira vesi ndi vesi.

Mu mawu amenewa zotsatira azithunzithunzi zachokera homonymy a mitundu ina mawu. Koma pa yemweyo lexical mawonekedwe a mayunitsi lexical zosiyana. Choncho, chitsanzo choyamba, pogwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "kudula", "oblique", "Malovu". "Oblique" ngati adjective amatanthauza "m'goli", "pamapindikira" ndi "skew" ngati nauni - ndi colloquial anangotchula wa kalulu. Mu chitsanzo chachiwiri amagwiritsa ntchito ambiguity mawu "lakuya": chikukupatsani Moto kwambiri kumizidwa mmadzi. Chitsanzo wachitatu kudya homonyms: ndi Chingolopiyo ngati liwu lofotokozera kapena lokamba - dzina la mbalame, ndi Chingolopiyo ngati kuyesetsa Mawu akuti "mantha." Pomalizira pake, wachinayi chitsanzo cha pun ndi zochokera mwangozi a mitundu ya zinachitika kale Mawu akuti "zophwetsa" ndi liwu lofotokozera kapena lokamba mu nominative mlandu "V" (mzere ndakatulo).

Si kophweka kumvetsa mfundo imodzi kapena kuposa mawu. Muzu wa zizindikiro ndi kusanthula nkhani ya ntchito angakuthandizeni kudziwa Amawayamikira homonymous kapena amaona kuti ndi unit.

Chitani pa kutanthauzira mawu osokoneza mfundo

Ntchito Yang'anani pa mndandanda uli m'munsiwu ndipo yesani paokha kudziwa mfundo imodzi kapena ambiri anaunika mawu: zovala, ndi nkhandwe, galimoto, msewu, dzanja, ngale. Fotokozani kusankha kwanu. Kodi zolemba zambiri mukhoza kusankha kuti liwu lililonse?

mawu onse awa matanthauzo ambiri lexical:

• Zovala otchedwa zovala komanso malo kumene zasungidwa.
• Fox - nyama ndi pa yomweyo munthu mwachinyengo. The ambiguity wa kusanduka kuchokera chakuti kalelo (ndi m'midzi - ndipo tsopano) nkhandwe usiku, pamene palibe amene akumuona, atagonjetsa m'nyumba za anthu ndi nkhokwe kuba chakudya.
• Machine - galimoto iyi, ndi zipangizo luso.
• njira - ichi ndi njira kudziko, ndi zoyendera mpweya, ndi moyo mophiphiritsa anthu.
• Dzanja - gawo la thupi ndi kulemba.
• Ngale - gawo ili chapakati chinachake, ndi maziko a gulu lililonse, monga nkhondo.

ntchito angapo pa mfundo

Tayang'anani pa ziganizo pansipa. Kodi ukuganiza kuti chimagwirizanitsa:

1. malo a kazembe, ndipo Nkhaka;
2. kutentha kwa dzuwa ndi gulu la olemekezeka;
3. m'banja ndi katundu bwino anapanga;
4. Mzere wa dziko m'nyanja, ndi kunyada kwa kukongola Russian;
5. mtsinje nsomba ndi burashi osamba mbale.

Mayankho: kazembe; kuwala; ukwati; Xhosa; ruff.

Kodi mukuganiza aliyense wa zitsanzo izi ndi homonyms ndi zomwe - kuti ambiguity chiyani? Mawu ndi mfundo angapo amasiyana homonyms pamaso pa nkhani-kugwirizana pakati pa mfundo zosiyanasiyana zamalankhulidwe. Mwachitsanzo №2 ubale zochokera fanizoli: monga dzuwa zounikira dziko lapansi, ndipo anthu olemekezeka pamaziko a maphunziro awo ndi chitukuko ndi ngale ya anthu. Mu Mwachitsanzo №5 kugwirizana pakati pa nsomba ndi burashi zachokera metonymy, chifukwa mawonekedwe akunja a burashi kakufanana nsomba. Zitsanzo Zsk 1, 3, 4 zochokera homonyms.

Choncho, ife tinapeza kuti mawu ali ndi matanthauzo angapo, wotchedwa Mipikisano wofunika kapena polysemic. Koma ambiguity izi ndi zofunika kuti azitha kusiyanitsa ku homonyms lapansi. Ngati pakati pa mawu ndi matanthauzo angapo opulumutsidwa ubale zamalankhulidwe pakati homonyms satero.