Georg Trakl: Biography ndi Chilengedwe

Georg Trakl ndi wolemba ndakatulo wotchuka wa Austria, yemwe ntchito yake inayesedwa kokha pambuyo pa imfa yake. Tsoka lake linali loopsya, ndipo moyo unatha atakwanitsa zaka 27. Komabe, cholowa chochepa cha ndakatulo chinakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha mabuku a Austria ndipo pambuyo pake analemekeza wolemba.

Chiyambi ndi ubwana

Kotero, iye ndi ndani - Georg Tracl? Biography imati wolimba wa nkhani yathu anabadwa pa February 3, 1887 ku Salzburg. Banja linali lalikulu, koma bwino-bwino, bambo anga anali ndi bizinesi - shopu la zipangizo. Mayi wa wolemba Maria anabereka mwamuna wake ana ambiri, omwe Georg anali wachisanu. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi ana angapo, amayiwa ankakhala nthawi zambiri m'mabuku akale komanso nyimbo, popanda kudzilemetsa ndi kulera achinyamata. Mtsogoleri wa ku France Marie adalonjeza ana. George wamng'ono anali wovuta kwambiri ndi maganizo awa a amayi, omwe kenako anawonetsera mu ndakatulo zake.

Koma osati chifaniziro cha amayi omwe adaikidwa pamalingaliro a mwanayo. Anakhala ndi iye kwamuyaya ndi Marie, yemwe ankawoneka kuti anali wodalirika kuchokera nthawi ina. Wogwira ntchitoyo anali Katolika wodzipereka amene ankafuna kutembenuza ophunzira kulowa mu chikhulupiriro chake. Komanso, mayiyo anawaphunzitsa French ndipo anafalitsa mabuku a dziko lawo. Uku ndiko kulera kwake komwe kunapangitsa kuti apangidwe George monga wolemba ndakatulo. Ngakhale kuti ankanyoza kuti anabisala kumapeto kwa masiku ake, wolemba wake nthawi zonse ankalankhula za chikondi chake mwachikondi, kumutcha iye nthawi yosangalatsa kwambiri pamoyo wake.

Phunzirani

Ali ndi zaka zisanu, Georg Trakl analowa sukulu yokonzekera ku sukulu yophunzitsa anthu, ndipo pa 10 anamusamutsira ku masewera olimbitsa thupi. Koma kuphunzira sikunali kophweka kwa George, iye adakhalabe mpaka chaka chachiwiri, ndipo kalasi yachisanu ndi chiwiri pamapeto omaliza analephera maphunziro atatu: masamu, Chilatini ndi Chigiriki. Iye ankadziwa ngakhale galamala ya chinenero chake molakwika. Kulankhula kwa George kunali kolakwika kwambiri, sakanakhoza kugwirizanitsa mawu awiri. Mnyamatayo anali ovuta kwambiri kusukulu, Austria analamula mopweteketsa kwambiri kugunda kwake. Anzanga akusukulu ankamukumbukira ngati mnyamata yemwe nthawi zonse ankakhala "wamanyazi ndi wamwano."

Kulephera ku maphunziro kumapangitsa kuti mu 1905 George aponyenso masewera olimbitsa thupi ndikupita kwa ophunzira kuti akhale ophunzira.

Zoyamba zimagwira ntchito

Georg Trakl oyambirira anali ndi chilakolako cha ndakatulo. Ngakhale pa maphunziro ake pa masewera olimbitsa thupi, iye anapita ku bwalo lolemba, lotchedwa "Apollo." Pa nthawiyi, mlembi wachinyamata anayamba chidwi ndi sewero. Mu 1906, masewero ake awiri adakonzedwa mumzinda wa Salzburg: Fata Morgana ndi Tsiku la Chikumbutso. Komabe, mawonedwe awiriwa anali oopsa, omvera sankawayamikira. Kwa George izi zinali zovuta kwenikweni. Chifukwa chokhumudwa, iye adawononga mau a masautso omwe adangomaliza kulemba.

Koma kulephera kumeneku sikunamlepheretse mnyamatayo. Chaka chotsatira mumagazini ya mzinda wa "Salzburg Folk Newspapers" adawoneka vesi loyamba la "Morning Song".

Komabe, kupambana kwazolembedwa kunali kovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti Georg wazaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu Georg anali wodwala morphine, veronal ndi vinyo. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kunayambitsidwa ndi mavuto akuluakulu poyanjana ndi dziko lozungulira ndi anthu. Chowonadi kwa wolemba ndakatulo chinali chosasimbika, dziko la ubale waumunthu linkawoneka lovuta komanso loipa. Izi zinamupangitsa kuti alowe m'dziko la malingaliro ndi maloto. Ngakhale kuti ali ndi vutoli, George amatchedwa munthu wachipembedzo. Mu ndakatulo yake mungapeze mafano ambiri achikristu, zolinga ndi mitu.

Chikondi choletsedwa - sichoncho?

Georg Tracl ndi mlongo wake anali paubwenzi wapamtima kwambiri, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri amve miseche komanso kuganiza. Koma kodi pali choonadi mkati mwawo?

Mu 1908, wolemba ndakatuloyo anapita ku yunivesite ya Vienna kupita ku dipatimenti ya zamalonda, koma panthawi imeneyo adadzipereka yekha ku ndakatulo ndipo sanathe kutenga maphunziro ake ndi udindo wake. Kwa iye, dziko laling'ono lakhala mwayi wina wopulumuka ku zenizeni.

Chifukwa cha ichi sichinali kungokhoza kumanga maubwenzi ndi ena, komanso kumverera koletsedwa. Kuyambira ali mwana, George ankakonda kwambiri mng'ono wake Margaret. Anaganizira za chilakolako chimenechi ndikuchimwa. Komabe, chikondi kwa mtsikanayo chinakhala chochitika chachikulu chopezeka kwa wolemba ndakatulo, chomwe chinapanga maziko a ntchito yake yonse.

Pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana pa ubale wawo, mpaka kugonana. Komatu palibe chilichonse chomwe chatsimikiziridwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku zongopeka chabe. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndikuti bwenzi lapamtima la George mu 1912 adali ndi chiwawa ndi Margaret.

M'bale ndi mlongo anali okhudzana ndi maukwati okha. Iwo anali ofanana kwambiri mu khalidwe ndi malingaliro. Margaret ndiye anali woyamba kugwiritsira ntchito ndakatulo yoyamba ndakatulo. Georg adamudalira ndi maloto ake onse ndi zinsinsi zake. Ndipo mlongo wake nthawi zonse anali wokonzeka kumuthandiza ndi kumutonthoza pamene gulu linakana mnyamatayo. Ndicho chivomerezo chonse cha chikondi chomwe chili mu ndakatulo ya ndakatulo. Kwa iye, mlongoyo ndiye yekhayo yemwe akanakhoza kumumvetsa iye.

Moyo mudziko la ndakatulo

Vesi ndiyo njira yokhayo yowatsegula moyo wanu ndikuyankhula. Mwa iwo okha Georg Trakly angakhale yekha. Masewera amawoneka chimodzimodzi. Komabe, zinali zovuta kuzifalitsa. Pa moyo wa wolembayo, kagulu kakang'ono ka ntchito zake kanasindikizidwa.

Ngakhale kumizidwa mudziko la ndakatulo, adakwanitsa kumaliza maphunziro a yunivesite ndikupeza digiri ya master. Zitatha izi, Georg anabwerera ku Salzburg. Kwa kanthawi iye ankagwira ntchito ku pharmacy. Komabe, moyo umenewu unamubweretsa chisoni chachikulu, chifukwa chinali chosayenerera komanso sichikufanana ndi dziko la maloto. Kotero mu ndakatulo yake iye adalongosola nthawi iyi: "... ndi chisokonezo chosautsa cha nyimbo ndi zithunzi."

Mu utumiki nthawi zambiri ankakhala ndi mutu wake m'manja mwake, osadziwa chilichonse chikuchitika. Iye ankakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro ake. Mwini wa pharmacy, munthu wabwino kwambiri, nthawi zambiri amulole mnyamatayo kupita kwawo kale.

Popanda njira yotsalira

Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa wolemba - mankhwala ndi ndakatulo - akhala mabwenzi oipa pa moyo weniweni. Muntchito palibe Trakl ingakhale yaitali, ndipo ndalama zomwe adalandira polemba ndakatulo m'nyuzipepala sizinali zokwanira. Wolemba ndakatuloyu anali wosokonezeka, akugwira ntchito ku pharmacy, ndiyeno kuchipatala sichikanakhoza kusintha mkhalidwewo. Ntchito yolemba mabuku inali yosatheka kupanga.

Georg Trakle ankafuna kupita ku Borneo, kukagwira ntchito ku pharmacy komweko, koma anakanidwa kukakhala ku dziko la Netherlands. Izi zinamulepheretsa chiyembekezo chake chomalizira cha kupeza njira m'dziko lino.

Kudzipeza Wekha

M'zaka izi George amakhala ndi ndalama zomwe abwenzi ake am'kongoletsa, zomwe adalemba zambiri mndandanda wake. Wolembayo akuyesa kupeza malo ndi kuthamanga ku Ulaya konse, akuyendera Mulau, Innsbruck, Venice, Salzburg, Vienna. Koma paliponse pamene ali pafupi nthawi amagwira ntchito, zomwe nthawi zambiri amalembanso, kukhalapo mopanda nzeru, vinyo, akazi owononga ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Zonsezi zimachitika ndi chidwi chodabwitsa komanso chilakolako cha Georg Trakl. Mndandanda wathunthu wa ndakatulo ndikulongosola kwathunthu kwa moyo wa wolemba ndakatulo, monga izi zonse zikuwonetsedwa mu ndakatulo zake. Komabe, panthawi ya moyo wake, wolembayo sadzatha kuona bukuli.

Chimake chimatsogolera moyo wakutchire. Malangizo odziwika bwino amasintha maganizo ake ndi khalidwe lake. Angathe kukhala wokondweretsa komanso wosakanikirana, koma akhoza kusonyeza chiwawa ndi kulumbirira mosalekeza. Panthawi imeneyi, ndakatuloyi ankachita nawo ntchito ya Dostoevsky. Zinachokera ku ntchito za akatswiri achi Russia omwe dzina lake "Sonya" adalowa mu ndakatulo yake.

Zaka zaposachedwa ndi imfa

Pogwiritsa ntchito makwerero apansi a makwerero, nthawi zonse mukusowa ndalama, Chingwechi chinakwanitsa kudziŵa bwino kwambiri zamakono. Choncho, mu 1912 anakumana ndi ofalitsa magazini a Brenner, O. Kokoshka ndi K. Kraus, omwe anali olemba mabuku, komanso ojambula zithunzi komanso ojambula zithunzi. Komabe, mgwirizano umenewu sunali wolimba chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wauzimu wa ndakatulo mwini yekha ndi khalidwe lake losasangalatsa.

Mu 1913, lokha lofalitsidwa m'moyo wake linali kusonkhanitsa kwa Trakl, komwe kunkatchedwa "ndakatulo".

Mu 1914, wolemba ndakatuloyu adalandira mphoto kwa olemba ovutika. Koma wolemba ndakatulo analibe nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito - nkhondo inayamba. Terekita ngati reservist posachedwa analembedwera ku ankhondo. Anatumizidwa ku chipatala cham'mbuyo monga wamisiri. Pakati pa nkhondo, wolembayo akupitiriza kumwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Koma pamene nkhondo yaikulu inayamba, ndipo panalibe mankhwala okwanira, Trachk anayenera kulandira mankhwala. Pokhala wopanda maphunziro ndi zochitika, iye anagwiritsira ntchito asilikali ovulala. Zowopsya za nkhondo zinamupangitsa iye kukhala wosokonezeka kotero kuti anayesera kudzipha. Koma iye anaimitsidwa m'kupita kwanthawi ndipo anatumizidwa ku chipatala ku Krakow kukafufuza ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo. Apa iye anamaliza ntchito yomwe adayamba, atadzipha pa November 3, 1914. Sitifiketi ya imfa m'ndandanda ya "Chifukwa" inati: "Kudzipha chifukwa cha kuledzeretsa kwa cocaine".

Georg Tracl, "Sebastian M'kulota"

Mndandanda wa zilembozi unakhala wolemba ndakatulo wachiwiri. Mwamwayi, Georg sanayembekezere kufotokoza kwake, chifukwa inalembedwa mu 1915, chaka chitatha imfa ya wolemba.

Wolemba ndakatulo mwiniwake adakonzekera zolemba, osankhidwa ndakatulo, kenaka werengani kuwerenga zowerenga. Kusonkhanitsa ndi dzina lomwelo lingapezeke pa maalumali la mabuku ogulitsa mabuku lero, koma zomwe zilipo zidzakhala zosiyana. "Sebastian mu loto" nthawi zambiri amatembenuzidwa kukhala mndandanda wathunthu wa ntchito za ndakatulo.

George Tracl. Kufufuza kwa ndakatulo "Winter Night"

Ganizirani chimodzi mwa ndakatulo za pulogalamu ya wolemba.

Ntchitoyo imalongosola chithunzi chodziwika kwa ndakatulo, pamene iye, ataledzera, amasiya kutsutsana ndi phokoso, akupita kunyumba usiku. Georg akulongosola zowawa zomwe zimakhalapo panthawi ino: "Mapazi anu akulira pamene akuyenda ... kumwetulira ndichisoni ... kukumbidwa pamaso panu ... pamphuno pamphuno." Maganizo a msilikali wamakono ali okhumudwa, zonse zimadzaza ndi zoopsa, ngakhale chilengedwe chimaneneratu zoipa: "Nyenyezi zasonkhana pamodzi mu zizindikiro zosagwirizana." Usiku suli bwino, koma tsiku ndilo chipulumutso. Chokhumudwitsa chake chikufotokozedwa molemekezeka ndi mwakachetechete: "Silver ikukondedwa ndi pinki tsiku." Kufika kwa m'mawa kumaphatikizidwa ndi chime cha "mabelu akale". Dzuŵa limatuluka usiku mdima ndi maloto oipa a ndakatulo.

Mkhalidwe wamavuto ndi Georg Trakly. Nthano za wolemba ndi chitsimikizo chachindunji cha izi. Mphamvu yake yodziwika bwino imadziwika mu mdima wodzala ndi mithunzi, zovuta komanso maloto oipa. Kuwala kwa masana kungakhoze kuchotsa mu dziko lino. Koma usiku wotsatira, zonse zidzachitika kachiwiri.

M'mafilimu ndi nyimbo

Mu chikhalidwe cha pop sanatenge malo otsiriza George Trakl. Firimuyi yokhudzana ndi chinsinsi chake chokhudzana ndi mchemwali wake inafotokozedwa mu 2011 ndi mkulu Christophe Stark. Chojambulacho chidatchedwa "Taboo. Moyo ulibe malo padziko lapansi. " Pali zambiri zamatsenga komanso zongopeka m'maganizo, zomwe n'zosavuta kuwona, poona kuti pano palibe aliyense wolemba mbiri wa mlembi watsimikizira kuti anali ndi chibwenzi ndi mlongo wake. Chithunzicho sichinali kufalitsidwa kwambiri, mayeso a owona ndi otsutsa anali ochepa.

Ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ndi wolembayo ndi oimba. Kotero, David Tukhmanov analemba nyimbo pa mavesi a Georg Traklya. Kuzungulira kwa wolembayo kunkatchedwa "Usiku Woyera, kapena Maloto a Sebastian."

Komanso, nyimbo ya 1992 ya gulu la rock rock gothic la German ALSO inadzipereka kwathunthu ku ntchito ya wolemba. Ndipo mu 1978 Klaus Schultz, wopanga sukulu ya Berlin, analemba nyimbo yojambula yotchedwa Georg Trakl.