Kodi The Turk m'zaka za m'ma 18 anatha kupusitsa dziko?

Zambiri za malemu 18 ndi m'ma 19 The Turk kudziwika monga Turk zinakopera anthu kuonelela ku Ulaya ndi ku United States. Ndipotu, pafupifupi makina, kumenya alendo pa chionetserocho anali lalikulu chinyengo. Koma makina anali akugwiritsa cholinga anakwanitsa kupusitsa anthu kwa zaka 80. Pamaso chinsinsi wake kudabvumbulutsidwa, iye anatha kumenya ngati otchuka Chess mafani monga Napoleon Bonaparte ndi Benjamin Franklin.

Chiyambi cha mbiri ya Amerika

Kumayambiriro a 1826 wodziwika mu Europe "Chess mbuye" anafika ku New York ndi kuwonekera koyamba kugulu la. Akuimira makina Anthu ambiri anthu afalitse. Zikwi za anthu mwaphunzira za kufika zodabwitsa anzeru a nkhani nyuzipepala malonda. Palibe chachilendo chakuti chionetsero koyamba pa Broadway pa hotelo National Hotel, sanathe akomere aliyense. Panali alendo 200 okha. Kuti chimwemwe chawo chachikulu mu chipinda awiri wabwino GM. Anthu anamva za invincibility za makina, kale wayenda mayiko onse waukulu mu Europe. Koma GMs American sanali kuyembekezera kwa anthu. Iwo kwambiri zosavuta anagonja dyera.

Pachimake pa kutchuka

Mu America, chisangalalo anthu anali kulimbikitsa onse mabuku a dziko lonse. Iwo anaika zokhudza losagonjetseka mbuye pa tsamba kutsogolo. Ndipo nthawi iliyonse m'zipinda othinana kuonelela zambiri, mu chiyembekezo kuti munthu mmodzi mwayi zokwanira kuti apambane. Pa maganizo abwino a nthawi pali funso zomveka: momwe mwamwambo loboti nthawi zonse Sinthani kukhala unbeaten? Zinaoneka kuti Turk amatha kulankhula. Kodi wina kufotokoza luso lake laluntha nkhondo ndi grandmasters wamphamvu nthawi yake? Palibe amene adzakane kuti Chess - ndi zovuta kwambiri aluntha masewera.

Austria Baron ankafuna chidwi cha Mfumukazi

makina luso anatha kudutsa eni angapo. Turk anali Woyamba anafika ku bwalo la Austria ndi Hungary Mfumukazi Maria Theresa mu 1769. Anayambitsa chozizwitsa ndi Austria Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen. Mwamuna ameneyu anali wotchuka chifukwa kathyali, iye udachita yekha pa bwalo la ulemu dzina la zatsopano a. Koma iye nthawi zonse anafuna kusangalatsa Mfumukazi m'maganizo ndipo analumbira ake kupanga makina amene zidzaposa zonse zosangalatsa kuti anali yekha anausankha munthu kutali. Kuti ntchitoyi anali mulibe zinthu zina kukanikiza, Maria Theresa anapatsa anayambitsa tchuthi yaitali.

Izo zinawoneka ngati Turkey?

mwana wake anali kanthu koma chidole chachikulu anthu. Makina nthawi anakhala kuseri zovala lalikulu matabwa. limagwirira Internal amatikumbutsa mkati mwa maola, ndi zambiri cranks ndi levers. Sam mannequin atavala zovala zokongola Turkey, pa mutu wake anali nduwira miyambo, ndi chubu dzanja. Ndi chifukwa cha chifaniziro izi choyambirira mfuti ndipo ankatchedwa Turk.

Galimoto anaonekera miyezi sikisi

Wolfgang von Kepel anabwerera ku bwalo miyezi sikisi. Ntchito yoyamba zinachitika pa Turk mu 1770 kuti Maria Theresa ndi gulu la anthu pa bwalo. Aliyense anaona anayambitsa adagulung'undisa manikin anaika pa msinkhu nduna mamita 1.2. Ndiyeno akuyamba kuchita, amene adzapitiriza mobwerezabwereza nthawi zosawerengeka: Kempelen anatsegula zitseko za nduna kuti ophunzira onse anali otsimikiza kuti si atakhala munthu. Yangwiro anawona limagwirira mkati chipangizo. Iwo anali odekha. Chirichonse chiri choyera, chinyengo. Kamodzi makina amatchedwa woyamba mongodzipereka, anayambitsa anabwera limagwirira ndi kutembenuzira khasu. Turkey anakhala ndi moyo, pang'onopang'ono anatembenuza mutu wake makina uku. Kenako anatambasula dzanja lake, anatenga chuma ndipo anapanga osayamba mu masewera.

omvera udasokonezeka

Posachedwapa Turkey anachititsa kutengeka, ndipo si ku bwalo la Mfumukazi. omvetsera Sankamvetsetsa. Anthu sanali kudziwa zoyenera kuchita. Ena yomweyo anathamangira kuika patsogolo Mabaibulo awo. Pakati pa nkhambakamwa kwambiri kawirikawiri mobwerezabwereza awiri: limagwirira kulamulira mwa maginito ndi nawo prodigy wamng'ono, umabisika m'nyumba mannequin a. Komabe, izo zikanakhoza kukhala nyenyezi yaing'ono. Anthu amadziŵa bwino kuti kubisa munthu wamba sikunali kotheka mkati chidude lapansi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa, ankakayikira anali munthu amene adakhulupirira Turk zamakono kwambiri. Munthu wina ananena kuti chilengedwe cha Baron Von Kempelen :. "N'zosatheka kukwaniritsa chidziwitso chonse okonzera kuposa wa njonda"

ulendo

Posachedwa Maria Teresa sanali wotopa kutaya chidole. Komabe, mu 1783, wolandila ake, Mfumu Joseph Yachiwiri ya wanena nakhalanso chidwi Turku. Iye anapanga uthenga kagawo makina pa ulendo wa Europe. Mu Paris makina luso mwachindunji ndi Benjamin Franklin, ndiye kazembe American kwa France. Turk ndiye anapita England, Germany ndi Netherlands. A angapo zina anali pa bwalo la Catherine II. Nthaŵi iliyonse amasiya, iye anagonjetsa adani ake onse ndi anazunguzika zododometsa asayansi. Palibe munthu sanathe kupeza lomveka bwino kwa zodabwitsazi.

mwini latsopano

Mu 1804, Kempelen anafa, ndi chilengedwe chake inagulidwa ndi German zatsopano Johann Johann Nepomuk Maelzel ndi showman. Zinali ndalama wabwino, chifukwa akhama German Turk anabwera ndi moyo wake wonse. Ndipo paliponse anasonkhana nyumba zodzaza. Johann Nepomuk Maelzel anabweretsa masewera makina pang'ono osalala. Iye anapereka Turk mawu limagwirira kuti vuto la mfumu mdani ananena mawu "Shah!". Ndi kwambiri chodabwitsa kwa anthu. Mu 1809 iwo unapangidwa bungwe ndi Chess machesi pakati pa Turkey ndipo mfumu Napoleon Bonaparte. Malinga ndi malipoti anaona mfumu French anali kuyesera kuti kusintha amayendayenda, koma nthawi iliyonse Turk kugwedeza mutu wake chakulalatira ndi maonekedwe anabwerera m'malo ake oyenerera.

Kukayikira kukhudzana

Pa ulendo US, ndi kagawo makina pa kuimba phindu Turk anabwera wolemba wamng'ono Edgar Allan Poe. Kenako, wolemba anafalitsa nkhani revelatory, amene ankanena kuti limagwirira ndi umabisika m'nyumba munthu kulamulira patsogolo masewera: "Ine ndine wotsimikiza mwamtheradi. chimachititsanso onse makina akulamulidwa ndi maganizo a anthu. " Edgar Allan Poe sanali, ankakayikira choyamba. Popeza kuyambitsa wa Turk akadali mu 80s kwa zaka za m'ma 18 m'maganizo pang'onopang'ono kwa Europe analemba timabuku zingapo ndi mavumbulutso. Anzeru ankakhulupirira kuti makina sangathe kusewera ndi kufuna kwawo. Pakati pa okayikira wotchuka kupatula Edgar Allan Poe angatchedwe wolemba British Robert Willis, amene ankanena kuti GM udabisika mkati nduna ndi kulamulidwa masewera pogwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la levers.

chinsinsi Turk a

Koma otsutsa anali kulondola za GM amene anathamanga ndondomeko atakhala mu chipinda. Kunena zoona, zinthu osati ukugwirira ntchito dongosolo mkati nduna. Iwo paraded kwa anthu, namgwira gawo chabe la bokosi. Mkati pali malo okwanira kuti akomere anthu anatha. Pa kanjedza m'munsi pa chessboard, ndi maginito akhala lokhazikika. Mkati lililonse lalikulu anaikidwa pa mpira zitsulo atapachikidwa pa ulusi. "Mthunzi" GM sanathe kuona nkhondo sitiroko. Anazindikira kuti, pamene mdani likupita ndalama pamene adawona pamaso pake sag mpira. Kubwezera choipa chimachititsanso anachita mothandizidwa ndi popezera mpata. Iwo ankayendetsa dzanja ndi mutu chidude a.

Kumene, mkati nduna ine anayenera kukhala katswiri mu Chess. Kwa nthawi yaitali, ambiri osewera odziwa anapita mkati limagwirira lapansi. Chabwino, pa ulendo wa American Johann Nepomuk Maelzel ntchito misonkhano ya grandmaster European William Schlumberger, amene anayeserera kukhala anayambitsa mlembi.

makina imfa

Mu 1838, mwini wake wa Turk anaphedwa pa ulendo wa panyanja kuchokera Cuba ku United States. Choncho makina anagwa m'manja mmodzi wa ndalamawo. Mu chimaliziro, brainchild wa Baron Kemplena anagulitsidwa ku syndicate a okonda amene ali ndi chidwi mu kudzindikira choonadi. Kenako Turk anaikidwa monga chionetsero pa Philadelphia Museum. July 5, 1854 85 wazaka "player" anatenthedwa mu moto mu nyumbayi.