Moscow timbewu tonunkhira, mankhwala

okhometsa ambiri ali ofunitsitsa kugula mu deta awo a toyesa chosowa ndalama chamadzulo, mabaji, mendulo yaulemu, zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana, zodzikongoletsera, anaperekeranji mints wotchuka. Moscow timbewu umabala zosiyanasiyana mankhwala wapadera wa mtundu uwu.

Timbewu ndi chiyani?

The kampani, amene zikugwira kupanga ndi issuance a ndalama zipembedzo zosiyana ndi dongosolo la Bank State, wotchedwa timbewu. Komanso, kampani zikugwira yopanga mendulo, mphoto ndi ambiri kanali ena.

Kuli bungwe zoopsa izi ayenera m'dziko lililonse. Mu makampani ameneŵa amapereka mlingo wokweretsa mwachinsinsi.

The gawo lalikulu la mankhwala ameneŵa Russia imalankhula Moscow timbewu.

Mints, zizindikiro zawo

Zizindikiro timbewu aliyense kuimira makalata kapena indicia mu mawonekedwe a mitanda, asterisks, madontho, ndi zina zotero. N. kubwezera ndalama tsopano, zinapangidwa iwo.

Mu mbiri ya mabungwe amenewa mu Russia ambiri. Tiyeni tione ena mwa iwo ndi zizindikiro zawo zitsanzo (ngati alipo).

Red bwalo inali mu Moscow (1697-1797 gg.). chikhazikitso ake - CD, MM, BC, MMD. Iye zinapangidwa golide, siliva ndi ndalama mkuwa komanso ndalama Mabaibulo wapadera.

Kadashevsky (a Moscow) timbewu anachita mu 1701-1736 gg. zizindikiro Zake - MD, MM, M, MMMDD, MDZ, DMD. Chaonekera kuthamangitsa golide, siliva ndi ndalama mkuwa wa zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana.

Tver kubala siliva bullion, hryvnia ndi mkuwa m'madamu. Zizindikiro zake ndi silidziŵika. The ntchito achangu mu izo zinachitikadi ndi cha m'ma XV kwa theka 1 zaka zana la 16 pansi Ivan kwambiri.

Latsopano Moscow timbewu inali mu mtima mwa likulu - pa Red Square. Zizindikiro pa ndalama wopanga izi kulibe. Iye ankagwira ntchito bwalo kuchokera 1700 mpaka 1718. Ife kutenga makobidi minting kuyesa chisanadze kusintha. Mogwirizana ndi kuchotsa kupanga chipembedzo ichi, kampani anali chatsekedwa.

Moscow timbewu tonunkhira, photos, zitsanzo

Anakhazikitsidwa mu 1942, April 25, dongosolo la Commissariat Anthu a Union (USSR).

Poyamba (1942-1945 gg.) Yopanga sanali ndalama zokha ndi mendulo, komanso mendulo. M'tsogolo, kuchuluka osiyanasiyana ake.

Lero Moscow timbewu tonunkhira, kuwonjezera pa zonse za pamwamba, ndalama ndiponso mphatso angapo, mabaji, ndalama zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana ndi zizindikiro za maiko ena akunja. Komanso umabala mankhwala ena yekha zodzikongoletsera.

Kuyambira chaka cha 1995, ndi timbewu wa Moscow - monga gawo la Association "Goznak".

Nkhani ya woyamba Moscow timbewu

Amakhulupirira kuti mu Russian boma timbewu wamkulu - Moscow. Iye anawonekera mu nthawi ya Prince wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy. Palibe chitsimikizo olembedwa mfundo sikuti waliteteza.

Umboni wokha - kusanthula makhalidwe a ndalama nthawi 1362-1389 biennium. Iwo yodziwika ndi mkulu masitampu khalidwe ntchito, kufanana kwa zolemba zonse banki chikalata nthawi mu Moscow, pamaso pa kugwirizana minting ndondomeko, zolemba kulemba pa ndalama ndi angapo zina khalidwe zizindikiro zinapangidwa ku bwalo chomwecho.

Ndi kupulumuka olembedwa chitsimikiziro cha bwalo choyamba chinamasulidwa mu 1534, nthawi ya ulamuliro wa John III. Ndi kumuyamikila pa Moscow ndi kukangamira mutu wa mtsogoleri kupanga sinthanani makope.

Modern kupanga Moscow timbewu

Ndalama ya Moscow timbewu - mankhwala waukulu. Pa kuli lonse la ogwira ntchito izo zidutswa zoposa biliyoni 70. Ndipo ichi si malire.

Pakali pano, kuti kunja mabaji ndi mendulo anawonjezera wina ndi mabaji.

Mu kope 1999 housings zagolide ulonda (amuna ndi akazi) wakhala watsopano. maola Assembly zachokera njira yabwino Swiss. Timbewu Moscow anatchuka chifukwa zodzikongoletsera zake zabwino (zibangili).

Ikulu zosiyanasiyana ndi zipangizo ku zimene anapanga zinthu zopangidwa: siliva, golide, palladium, pulatinamu, ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo zosiyanasiyana za mkuwa, faifi tambala, zitsulo ndi zitsulo zina zambiri. Wotchuka kwambiri mu dziko la ndalama - ruble Moscow timbewu Olympic. kumasulidwa ake anapima kuti chichitike mu Moscow mu 1980 Games Olympic.

Wotchuka, otchuka, mwambo ndalama bwalo kusonyeza kwambiri zochitika m'mbiri ya dziko ndipo collectible kwa numismatists ndipo ambiri okhometsa wamba.

Wapatali ndalama Moscow khoti

ndalama wapatali - izi sikuti chopangidwa ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali kapena kwa mibadwo yakale. Iwo angathe kupeza ndi pakati wamba kwambiri.

Mu 1997, timbewu zinapangidwa Moscow 1-ruble ndalama. chiwerengero chachikulu cha iwo anamasulidwa. Komabe, ena mwa iwo ali ndi mbali zawo - pamaso pa m'mphepete lonse. Ndipo chiwerengero cha ndalama si lalikulu kwambiri, chiwerengero chenicheni silidziŵika. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iwo ali mu ankafuna ndipo ndi wofunika ndalama okhometsa.

Kusiyanitsa ndalama ngati (lonse edging) sikovuta. The obverse la ndalama mu nusu chapamwamba apo chokongoletsera mu mawonekedwe a zomera. Mu ruble wamba chaka chino amasulidwe "azipiringa" wa kujambula kuonekera mokwanira, ndipo mu ndalama osowa wa pindilani izi ndi zosaoneka, ndi pansi piping lapansi.

Ogwira mukudziwa zonse zokhudza ndalama, phindu ndi wapadera, kupereka kulabadira yopanga 1 ruble 1997, 1998, 2003, Moscow bwalo (MMD) ndi kumasula 2005 (SPMD) chifukwa m'chipani cha mbali mitundu kujambula.