Kubereka ndi chitukuko cha nyama. Zipangizo phunziro

Ngakhale odziwa wasayansi katswiri motsimikizira kotheratu sindingakhoze kunena mmene mitundu alipo tsopano analipo kale pa dziko lino lapansi. Zonse kutsegula mitundu yatsopano, ndi nkhope ya Dziko Lapansi, mwatsoka anazimiririka mitundu akale. Mwina n'chifukwa chake kotero ndikofunika kudziwa zambiri za kubalana ndi chitukuko cha nyama, kuyesera chongopeka kuletsa mofulumira, kuyesa kuti comprehensively kuphunzira linali pafupi kutha kwa mitundu.

A pang'ono pa gulu la

Animal Ufumu ali kwambiri a mitundu ndi makalasi, kuphatikizapo nyongolotsi, molluscs, nkhanu ndi echinoderms, arachnids ndi tizilombo. peresenti A pachikhalidwe: nsomba, achule, zokwawa, mbalame, nyama. A nyama zosiyanasiyana zamoyo padziko lapansili, ndi bwino ankaimira viewports waika. Koma osiyana mu dongosolo lawo, nyama ogwirizana mu ufumu wina amasiyana zinthu zambiri. Kawetedwe nyama? magulu osiyana a ndondomeko ikuchitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Tiyeni tione mitundu zofunika kwambiri.

agamobium

Pakuti nyama zina m'munsi (invertebrates), yodziwika ndi asexual kubereka, monga njira zosavuta kulenga ndi kuonjezera mbewu. Animal Kubereka ndi Development wa mtundu uwu ikuchitika ndi fission mwachindunji kapena budding. nyama zimenezi zikuphatikizapo mphutsi, thonje, modabwitsa, Amphioxus ndi ena ambiri. Ndipotu, si choncho pang'ono. Koma khalidwe la ndondomeko zinachita kusintha kuchokera ku kulenga ena ambiri nthawi yambiri ndi zovuta ndondomeko ya kubereka.

syngenesis

Mtundu amafuna apansi awiri kuti alenge ana: mwamuna ndi mkazi. Kubereka ndi chitukuko cha nyama anachita ndi spawning kapena dzira calving (makamaka nyama). Mwachitsanzo, kuikira mazira, ndi tizilombo ndiponso arachnids, komanso njoka ndi mbalame. Zimaswana: achule ndi nsomba. Koma ena mitundu ya nsomba - viviparous (mwachitsanzo, guppies). Kubereka ana ndi anawadyetsa mkaka wa nyama zonse (kuphatikizapo mwamuna). Mu mitundu ina, kubalana chikuchitika popanda nawo amuna. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa parthenogenesis. Common mu abuluzi ndi njuchi, mwachitsanzo.

Kukula kwa nyama

Komanso kumachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Choncho tizilombo Mwachitsanzo, pali masiteji katatu: dzira, larva, pupa, wamkulu munthu angathe kuikira mazira. Ndipo ena kubalana nsomba ndi chitukuko cha nyama za mtundu uwu kumachitika m'kamwa mwa mkazi, kumene iwo umabala mazira mpaka mbewu. Achule kwa dzira akufotokozera mungafike mtundu - ndi namchidwe amene kale anapanga chule wamkulu. Akamba ndi njoka mbadwa anachokera mwachindunji ku mazira, ngati mbalame. mitundu yonse zolengedwa zoyamwitsa ndi viviparous, ngakhale anamgumiwa, lomwe lili pa nambala monga nsomba wakale. Iwo Ayamwitse ana mkaka, motero dzina la kalasi. Kusasitsa wa mbadwa za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyama chikuchitika mu nthawi zosiyanasiyana kuyambira mphindi zochepa makumi a zaka. Kwambiri "mwamphamvu" - chimodzi tsiku agulugufe ndi tizilombo tina. pang'onopang'ono kukhwima m'badwo wamng'ono - mu kwambiri gulu la nyama.