Kulemba dongosolo, umene ntchito ndi Sumerians. Zolemba kulemba: m'mbiri, makamaka

Chisumeriya zakale - gawo la yaing'ono cholowa kuti anali pambuyo ichi chitukuko wakale. Mwatsoka, ambiri misewu akhala otaika. Only ndi mapale ndi makhalidwe wapadera, amene analemba Sumerians - zakale. Kwa nthawi yaitali anakhalabe ndi sanathetsedwe chinsinsi, koma kudzera mwa asayansi wa umunthu tsopano ali deta kuti anali chitukuko cha ku Mesopotamiya.

Sumerians: iwo ali

Chisumeriya chitukuko (a pomasulira "blackheads") - mmodzi wa oyamba zikuchitika padziko lathuli. Chiyambi cha anthu mu nkhani ndi imodzi mwa nkhani ambiri ofunika: akukangana asayansi imachitika kutali. chodabwitsa Izi anapatsa lakuti "Chisumeriya vuto". Kufunafuna zinthu zakale opangidwa pang'ono zinthu Choncho, ndiwo phunzirolo ndi munda wa zilankhulo. Sumerians zakale lomwe ndi yabwino anasunga wa onse, anayamba kuphunzira kuchokera amazionera a kuyandikana chinenero.

Pafupifupi 5000 BC zaka m'chigwa wa Tigirisi ndi Firate kum'mwera Mesopotamia anaonekera kuthetsa kenako inakula mwa chitukuko wamphamvu. apeza archeological mmene olemera mu mawu a zachuma anali Sumerians. Zolemba pa mapale nkhani zambiri za izo.

Zafukulidwa mu mzinda wakale Chisumeriya wa Uruk kutsogolera kuganiza bwino kuti mizinda Chisumeriya anali urbanized zokwanira: panali mmisiri makalasi, amalonda, Ngopambana. Kunja mizinda anthu abusa ndi anthu wamba.

Chinenero cha Sumerians

Chisumeriya - chidwi kwambiri zinenero chodabwitsa. Ambiri mwina iye anabwera kum'mwera kwa Mesopotamiya ku India. Patangotha zaka 1-2 zikwi anthu kulankhula, koma posakhalitsa m'malo atazindikira.

Sumerians akadali anapitiriza ntchito chinenero makolo awo zinthu zachipembedzo, izo anagwira ntchito yoyang'anira, kusukulu. Uwu unakhalapo mpaka chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino. Kodi kupanga lilime lanu pa kalata Sumerians? Zolemba ankagwiritsa ntchito yeniyeni kwa cholinga ichi.

Mwatsoka, sikunali kotheka kubwezeretsa kapangidwe phonetic a chinenero Sumeri, chifukwa mtundu wa pamene lexical ndi kalembedwe tanthauzo la mawu ndi mu affixes ambiri anawonjezera kuti muzu.

The zamoyo wa zakale

The zikamera wa zakale Chisumeriya chikugwirizana ndi chiyambi cha ntchito zachuma. Kumakhudzana ndi chakuti kunali kofunika kukonza zinthu za makonzedwe kapena malonda. Kuyenera ananena kuti mapale Chisumeriya ndi kalata yoyamba anaonekera, amene anapereka maziko kachitidwe zina kulemba Mesopotamia.

Poyamba analemba mfundo digito, pamene iwo anali kutali ndi kulemba. A kuchuluka kwa anasankha mafano wapadera dongo - mphatso. Wina chizindikiro - chinthu chomwecho.

Ndi chitukuko cha chuma zinkandivuta, moti aliyense chithunzi anayamba kupanga kalembedwe wapadera. Mphatso kusungidwa mu chidebe wapadera, zomwe zinasonyeza mwini chisindikizo. Mwatsoka, kuti kuwerenga maina, ndinali ndi kuswa m'chipinda chotetezeka, kenako losindikizidwa kachiwiri. Pakuti mayiko, pafupi ndi chisindikizo anayamba akamachita zambiri za nkhani, ndiyeno thupi kanjedza mbisoweka palimodzi - zina yamunthu. Ndipo panali woyamba mapale. Kodi ankayimiridwa kwa iwo, anali ngati mafano: ndi mayina enieni a kanjedza zenizeni ndi zinthu.

Kenako, chizindikirochi anayamba kuganizira mofatsa ndi zizindikiro chabe. Mwachitsanzo, nkhuku ndi dzira chithunzi pafupi kale osonyezedwa chonde. kalatayi wakhala ideographic (zizindikiro zizindikiro).

Siteji yotsatira - kamangidwe phonetic wa pictograms ndi ideograms. Kuyenera kuti aliyense chizindikiro wakhala zoyenera yeniyeni phokoso mamangidwe amene ali panalibe ubale ndi chifaniziro cha chinthu. Kalembedwe amadziwikanso kusintha, n'kosavuta (onse - fotokozani m'munsimu). Komanso, zilembo amakonzedwa kwa mayiko, ndi horizontally zochokera.

Zikamera wa zakale linapereka kuti kuligonjetsa tracings wa dikishonare, lomwe limapezeka wokangalika.

Zolemba kulemba: mfundo

Kodi kulemba zakale? Zodabwitsa, ndi Sumerians sanathe kuwerenga makalata sanali mfundo. Written lemba anaona, chifukwa chinali chiyambi cha kulemba ideographic.

Pa lemba makamaka kufooketsedwa ndi chuma chimene kulemba - dongo. N'chifukwa chiyani? Tisaiwale kuti Mesopotamia - dera, kumene pafupifupi palibe mitengo, oyenera processing (kumbukirani Asilavo birch makungwa ndi gumbwa a Aigupto, opangidwa kuchokera phesi la nsungwi), kulibe, ndipo mwala. Koma dongo madzi osefukira mtsinjewo unali okwanira, choncho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Sumerians.

Kukonzekera kwa kalatayi kunali mkate dongo, iwo anali chooneka ngati bwalo kapena rectangle. Atumikiwo adzatchedwa ndi Wand wakupambulika dzinache Kapama. Iwo anali opangidwa ndi nsalu olimba monga fupa. Tip pa Kapama anali triangular. kalata ndondomeko ndi kuviika ndodo mu dongo, ndi kusiya chitsanzo ena. Kapama pamene anatulutsa wa dongo, mbali yaitali makona ya anasiya njira ngati mphero, choncho dzina - "mapale". Kusunga kulemba, chizindikiro woyengeka m'ng'anjo.

Chiyambi cha kulemba syllabic

Monga tanenera, pamaso panali mapale ku Sumerians zinakhala mtundu wina chizindikiro - pictography ndiye ideography. Kenako zizindikiro kukhala chosavuta Mwachitsanzo, m'malo mbalame lonse akuonetsedwa okha mphamvu. Ndipo chiwerengero cha mudapholiwa pang'onopang'ono mpaka kusanduka - iwo kukhala mosalekeza amabwera kwa zikutanthauza osati mfundo mwachindunji, komanso umboni - chakwanira kusonyeza angapo ideogram ena. Choncho, ataima pafupi ndi "M'mayiko Ena" ndi "mkazi" amatanthauza mfundo za 'kapolo. " Choncho, phindu la zilembo yeniyeni kumaonekera kwa nkhani yonse. Njira imeneyi akuti amatchedwa logograph.

Koma zinali zovuta kuti akamachita pa ideograms dongo, momwemo pa nthawi, aliyense wa iwo m'malo kuphatikiza enieni dashes-wedges. Zimenezi zinapangitsa kulemba ndondomeko zina, kulola kugwiritsa ntchito zofanana syllables mawu ena. Choncho anayamba syllabary, umene unatha motalika kokwanira.

Decoding ndi phindu zinenero zina

The cha m'ma XIX zinali zodzaza ndi akuyesetsa kumvetsa tanthauzo lalikulu la zakale Chisumeriya. Great patsogolo anapanga Grotefend izi. Komabe anapeza Behistun lolembedwa potsiriza kuloledwa kumvetsa ambiri a malemba. Chosema malemba mwala uli zitsanzo za Old Persian, Aelamu, ndipo atazindikira ndondomeko. Kumvetsa malemba akanatha Rawlins.

The zikamera wa zakale Chisumeriya mukopedwe zolemba za m'mayiko ena Mesopotamia. Kufalitsa chitukuko kunabweretsa, ndi mtundu mawu syllabic kulemba, amene amawatenga mitundu ina. Makamaka akuonekera kulowa zakale Chisumeriya ku Elamu, Hurrian, Mhiti ndi kalata Urartian.