Mafakitale ku Russia

The mafakitale zisinthe - wasinthika yopanga opanga chifukwa ntchito yamanja ku fakitale. Ndondomeko zachokera ntchito kwambiri makina. Mafakitale inayamba mu Russia m'zaka za m'ma 19, mu 30s-40s, ndipo idatha 80s za m'ma chomwecho.

Industrial kusintha anayamba ndi makampani amene ntchito yamanja anali ambiri ofala. Woyamba anali makampani thonje. Cars anayamba anagubuduza mu malo, nsalu ndi kupanga zina. Komanso anayamba kukhazikitsa makampani makina zomanga mu Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod ndiponso mizinda ina.

Mafakitale ku Russia mu gawo loyamba anali yodziwika ndi chitukuko yogwira zoyendera sitima ndi steamship, Choyamba. Mu 1837 pa njanji woyamba analengedwa. Iye anasonyeza Tsarskoye Selo ndipo St. Petersburg. Ndipo mu 1851 njanji ya anaikidwa pakati St. Petersburg ndi Moscow.

Industrial kusintha mu dziko anayamba pasanafike m'mayiko European kwambiri anayamba chuma. Mwachitsanzo, mu England kwa mafakitale woyamba anakhazikitsidwa mu zaka zao za sikisite cha m'ma 18.

Mafakitale inayamba mu Russia mu zikhalidwe za chuma ang'onoang'ono. Ndithu, Uyu ndi kungasokoneze kwambiri pa mayendedwe ndi madera ya kusintha mafakitale. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, makampani opanga mosakondera omangidwa kudutsa dziko.

Mafakitale ku Russia mu pachiyambi penipeni, ndipo yodziwika ndi ena slowdown polenga yambiri likulu. Akubwera kuchokera malo otetezedwa bwino, amalonda ambiri sanali anapatsidwa mwalamulo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, iwo akhoza eni mafakitale, otsalira malingana mphamvu ya landlords lapansi.

Industrial kusintha mu Russia wakhala si chinachititsa kuti makalasi atsopano - ndi proletariat mafakitale ndi bourgeoisie. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha khama la dongosolo ang'onoang'ono zachuma. Ogwira ntchito pa mafakitale ndi zomera anali wamba, ogwira ntchito amene anapita kukagwira. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zikuchokera ogwira ntchito mabizinezi sanali zonse, ndipo ogwira ntchito okha anali ndi mlingo m'malo otsika Choyenereza.

The chachiwiri mafakitale zisinthe anayamba kumayambiriro kwa makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi Mipingo ya m'zaka 19. Pa nthawi imeneyi, anthu oposa theka la chuma chonse mafakitale chopangidwa ndi kampani, yomwe zili ndi injini nthunzi, imbaenda zida ntchito.

Industrial kusintha anakhudzidwa (kupatula thonje pepala ndi makampani shuga), zitsulo ndi migodi ndi zitsulo, nsalu ndi nsalu, luso lopanga ndi makampani ubweya. Pa mfundo imeneyi ya Chotsimikizika ndi manufactory anapambana kupanga fakitale.

Mafakitale mu gawo lachiwiri anali peculiarities yake. Kusintha wakhalako mu malo: izo linathetsedwa serfdom, unachitikira kusintha wamba. Zonsezi atathetsa ambiri zopinga za mapangidwe a dongosolo capitalist mu boma.

Komanso, tinayamba kupanga mafakitale latsopano: petrochemical, makina zomanga, mankhwala ndi zina.

Industrial kusintha zinachititsa kuti zikamera a m'madera (Baku, Krivoi Rog, Donbass), free ku miyambo serfdom ndi wotukuka m'dziko latsopano zikhalidwe komanso umoyo ndi zachuma luso.

Mosakayikira, mafakitale ndi zotsatirapo zofunika chikhalidwe. Tinayamba kupanga makalasi atsopano. Pambuyo kukonza wa bourgeoisie mafakitale anayamba kubwezeretsanso kubwera kwa akuluakulu a boma, alimi, amalonda, olemekezeka.

Maphunzirowo ntchito mwakhama anapanga. Choncho proletariat adakali ndi vuto. The kantchito osauka, tsiku ntchito unali wautali kwambiri, kusamvera analamulira, panali malamulo simudagwirirapo ntchito, inshuwalansi. Chifukwa cha zochita woyamba antchito (mwachitsanzo, Morozov kuponya mu 1885 chinali) zinachitika mu Mipingo ndi nineties.