Zhan Pol Marat: yochepa yonena

Ndi mtolankhani komanso membala wa Convention Zhan Pol Marat anali mmodzi wa kanjedza wotchuka ndi wamphamvu wa French kuukira boma. nyuzipepala wake "Bwenzi la anthu" ndi buku lofunika kwambiri a m'nthawi imeneyo. Marat, mosakaika, anali wolamulira wa maganizo ndi adani ambiri. nyengo Mafunde kuwameza kudziwika publicist - iye anamva imfa ndi othandiza an'kanthunthumira wa chipani cha mdani.

ntchito zachipatala

Kunachitika tsogolo Zhan Pol Marat anabadwa May 24, 1743 m'tauni Swiss wa Boudry. Bambo ake anali dokotala wotchuka kuti adzaona ntchito tsogolo la mwanayu. Zhan Pol anatsala wokongola oyambirira popanda makolo, ndipo iye anali munthu wamng'ono anali kunyamula moyo mokwanira paokha. Iye anapitiriza kusintha malo ake okhala ndi njira ya zasungidwa.

zaka khumi Zhan Pol Marat chinang'ambika pakati Holland ndi England. Iye anali ochita sing'anga ndi wolemba. Mu 1775 anakhala katswiri wa mankhwala katswiri pa yunivesite ya Edinburgh. Komanso, Marat zaka zisanu ndi ntchito monga dokotala pa bwalo la Comte d'Artois - adzakhale Mfumu ya France, Charles X.

Chiyambi cha ntchito journalistic

Kwa zaka 30 wolemba wakhala ndithu odziwika m'munda wa nzeru ndi zoonekera anakangana ndi Voltaire. Atalemba osati zokhudza sayansi pa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi mankhwala, koma anakhalanso chidwi nkhani chikhalidwe. Mu 1774, ku cholembera cha Marat anali "unyolo wa ukapolo" - mmodzi wa timabuku kwambiri wotchuka ndi otchuka nthawi yake. Wolemba chofanana mzimu wa nthawi - kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, ndipo makamaka mu France, anakula maganizo antimonarchist. Against maziko awa, ndi publicist ndi mauthenga ake mokweza mobwerezabwereza anagunda mitsempha ya mtima ndi anthu pang'onopang'ono zinadziwika.

Zhan Pol Marat wakhazikitsa yokha ngati wunika chachikulu absolutism. Bone ankhanza European ankaona opondereza ndi kulepheretsa chitukuko cha anthu. Marat osati nkhanza boma lachifumu, izo tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane zamoyo mbiri ya absolutism ndi mtundu uliwonse. Mu "Msampha wa ukapolo" monga njira kwa mode chakale amapereka dongosolo latsopano la anthu ndi ufulu wofanana chuma ndi ndale. Maganizo ake a egalitarianism nkhani zosiyana otchuka ndiye elitism.

A wotsutsa lamulo lakale

Mu maganizo ake Zhan Pol Marat ambiri anavomereza wochirikiza tchalitchi cha Rousseau. Pa nthawi yomweyo wophunzira anakhoza kukhala ena mwa maganizo a mphunzitsi wake. Kwambiri mu ntchito za aphunzitsi chinkhoswe mu kafukufuku ya kulimbana pakati pa zaka apamwamba ang'onoang'ono ndi bourgeoisie, ndi kutsatira maganizo owolowa manja. Ataona kufunika kupikisana ichi, Marat anatsindika kuti ngozi ndi mtendere wa mumtima mu Europe ndi chidani pakati pa olemera ndi osauka. Ndi mu lochitira chikhalidwe amachititsa wolemba anaona mavuto kukula.

Marat anali nkhoswe zambiri zogwirizana ovomereza anthu osauka, anthu wamba ndi antchito. Pachifukwa ichi wakhala wodziwika kwambiri pakati pa zipani leftist. Patapita zaka zambiri chosintha izi adzakwezedwa mu USSR - dzina lake adzatchedwa misewu, ndi mbiri yake idzakhala nkhani ya monographs ambiri.

"Bwenzi la Anthu"

Mu 1789, pamene ulimi inayamba mu France, Marat ananyamula nyuzipepala yake "Bwenzi la Anthu Onse." Publicist ndi pamaso otchuka, ndipo m'masiku chipwirikiti cha ntchito woganizirana, anakhala chithunzi cha kufanana moona kwambiri. Marat anayamba kudzitcha kuti "bwenzi la anthu". Mu pepala lake, iye anadzudzula boma chifukwa missteps awo onse ndi upandu. Buku mosalekeza opanikizika boma. Koma iliyonse anabwera ku khoti, Marat (osakwatira purosesa) kutsindikiza salangidwa izo. nyuzipepala wake anali mwamphamvu otchuka pakati antchito ndi bourgeoisie zazing'ono wa Paris.

Ndi buku mofanana wapabanja monga mafumu ndi banja lachifumu, ndi mitundu yonse ya atumiki ndi anthu a nyumba ya National Assembly. "Bwenzi la Anthu" anakhala chimodzi mwa zifukwa zofunika kwambiri kufala lonse la kwakukulu chosintha amaganiza ku likulu French. The nyuzipepala wotchuka kuti panali ngakhale mabuku yabodza kuti anayesa kuti asamakhulupirire ake kapena kugwiritsa ntchito maganizo ake onse.

Emigration, ndi repatriation

Ndi mwezi uliwonse utolankhani yogwira ndi adani kwambiri kuti tikhale ndi Zhan Pol Marat. Mwachidule yonena za chosintha ndi chitsanzo cha zonse kubisala ndi kubisala munthu. Anapewa osati boma komanso otentheka zosiyanasiyana amafuna pa moyo wake. Kutalika kwa zisinthe, monga nsaru anagwa mu 1791, Marat ngakhale anasamuka ku England.

Komabe, mu London, mtolankhani zinkandivuta - ankakonda kukhala pakatikati pa zinthu. Atachokako mwachidule za publicist otchuka anabwerera ku Paris. Izo zinali mu April 1792. Nayonso mphamvu zinatha zaka zochepa kusintha yapachiweniweni chisokonezo alephera kusintha zinthu za anthu chosakhutitsidwa.

Zamoyo maganizo

ophunzira ambiri a Great French kuukira boma, zonse anasintha maganizo awo. Ndinali nazonso, ndi Zhan Pol Marat. Kufotokoza mwa chidule za zamoyo zikhulupiriro yake. Mu gawo loyamba la zisinthe Marat kulimbikitsa kuteteza Mafumu pang'ono chabe ndi kufalitsa National Assembly. Komanso, ndi kunyoza lingaliro la kachitidwe Republican. Mu July 1791 mfumu anayesa kuthawa, chiyambi cha kutengeka wina, ndi wina wokambirana, ngakhale kuwomberedwa. Pambuyo nkhani imeneyi, mkonzi wa "Bwenzi la Anthu" adachimanga olimbikitsa kupasula Bourbons lapansi.

Pamene Louis anamangidwa chifukwa pofuna wina kuthawa dziko, Marat anatsutsa chilakolako cha misa kuthana ndi mfumu popanda mlandu. kukhetsa wolamulira kuikira kumbuyo mfundo za kufunika kutsatira mwambo amalamulo potaya mlandu mfumu. Marat anatha kulimbikitsa Convention ndi kuzipanga izo kuukitsa funso la chilango pa voti mpukutu-amapitako. 387 ya 721 ziwanga anali mokomera kuphedwa kwa Louis.

polimbana ndi Girondins

Kuchokera pa chiyambi zake, Convention ankafunika okamba yabwino kwambiri ngati Zhan Pol Marat. Photos m'masiku amenewo kunali kumeneko, koma wina zithunzi yekha ndi clippings nyuzipepala akusonyeza bwanji kuti iye anali wokhoza kulanda anthu ena. mfundo wachikoka anasonyeza vuto lina. Maphwando onse chosintha Marat anasankha ndipo anathandiza Montagnards, amene kusankhidwa Convention. owatsutsa Girondins anali pansi kutsutsa tsiku la mtolankhani wa.

Marat mdani ngakhale anakwanitsa kumchititsa mlandu kunena kuti Convention wakhala malo okhala a kauntala-kusintha zinthu. Komabe, kazembe ankagwiritsa ntchito mayeso onse monga nsanja ndipo anatsimikizira kusalakwa zawo. Girondins ankakhulupirira kuti nyenyezi Marat ndi za potsiriza likamalowa. Komabe, mu April 1793, pambuyo kuwina milandu, kuti M'malo mwake, iye anapanga zazikulu kubwerera kwa Akatolika. Unsinkable ndi ponseponse kuti m'nthawi yake anali Zhan Pol Marat. Mwachidule, ngati si msanga imfa, tsoka lake anali adzakhala yosiyana.

Mtsogoleri wa Jacobins

Mu June 1793 pa pempho la Paris anakwiya Convention ziwanga achotsedwa Girondins. Mphamvu nthawi yadutsa kwa Jacobins, kapena kani, atatu mwa atsogoleri awo - Danton, Marat ndi Robespierre. Iwo akutsogolera club ndale, omwe amakhala ndi kudzipereka kwake kwakukulu kuswa wakale ang'onoang'ono ndi monarchical dongosolo.

The Jacobins anali kumbali ya mantha, amene ankamuona ngati njira zofunika kuti tikwaniritse zolinga za ndale. Mu Paris, anali imatchedwanso "Society Mabwenzi a Constitution". Pa nsonga ya kutchuka kwake pa Jacobin zikuphatikizapo ku mbali 500,000 kudutsa France. Marat sanali anayambitsa gulu limeneli Komabe, Pamilunguyo mwamsanga anakhala mmodzi wa atsogoleri awo.

kupha

Pambuyo chigonjetso wopambana pa Girondins Marat kwambiri wofooka thanzi. Iye anagwidwa ndi matenda khungu. Mankhwala sizinathandize, ndi mwanjira muchepetse mavuto awo, mtolankhani anatenga nthawi kusamba. Iye osati analemba udindo uwu, koma ngakhale kulandira alendo.

Ndi zinthu zili choncho, July 13, 1793 anabwera Marat Sharlotta Korde. Mwatsoka wovulalayo wake, iye anali wothandiza woyaka moto wa Girondists. Mkazi anavutika lotereli ndi njakata chosintha. Bath, kumene anaphedwa ndi Zhan Pol Marat, zojambulidwa kupenta wake wotchuka ndi Jacques Lui David (kupenta wake "Imfa ya Marat" ndi limodzi mwa ntchito wotchuka luso wodzipereka kwa nyengo ya chipwirikiti). thupi loyamba ziri mtolankhani. Pambuyo kusintha kwina mphamvu 1795 izo anasamukira manda wamba. mwanjira ina, koma kupha Sitefano Zhan Pol Marat anali mmodzi wa lalikulu lonse Great French kuukira boma.