Kuyenda michere ndi ntchito zawo

Lingaliro la michere kuyenda adanyamuka pa theka lachiwiri la zana la 20. Anabwerera mu 1916, chinapezeka kuti adsorbed pa mpweya sucrose anapitiriza ntchito othandizira. Mu 1953, D. ndi N. Shleyt Grubhofer wopereka pepsin woyamba kumanga, amylase, ndi carboxypeptidase ndi RNase kwa chonyamulira insoluble. Lingaliro la enzyme kuyenda anali mtchatho mu 1971. Inali msonkhano woyamba pa puloteni Engineering. рассматривается в более широком смысле, чем это было в конце 20 века. Pakali pano, mfundo ya enzyme kuyenda m'njira onse kuposa momwe izo zinaliri mu m'ma 20 mochedwa. Tikambirana gulu mwatsatanetsatane.

mwachidule

– соединения, которые искусственно связываются с нерастворимым носителем. Ndipo mmobilizovannye michere - mankhwala omwe chongopeka zogwirizana ndi chonyamulira insoluble. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo kusunga katundu wawo othandizira. Panopa, mnjira imatengedwa mu mbali ziwiri - mu zofooka ufulu tsankho ndiponso wodzaza ndi kayendedwe ka zedi.

ulemu

. Asayansi apeza phindu michere kuyenda. Pokhala ngati catalysts sakanikira mosavuta anapambulwa pa sing'anga anachita. может быть многократным. maphunziro anapeza kuti ntchito michere kuyenda Mungathe kubwereza. Mu ndondomeko ya kumanga mankhwala kusintha katundu wawo. Iwo amapeza gawo lapansi kulunjika, bata. Komabe, ntchito yawo ayamba zimadalira mmene chilengedwe. отличаются долговечностью и высокой степенью стабильности. Kuyenda michere ndi cholimba ndi mkulu mlingo wa bata. Izo ziri zoposa, mwachitsanzo, wa enzyme ufulu zikwi zikwi za nthawi. Zonsezi amapereka Mwachangu mkulu, Kupikisana ndi profitability a sayansi, imene pali kuyenda michere.

zonyamulira

J .. Porath kuzindikiridwa katundu chifungulo cha zipangizo abwino ntchito immobilization. Onyamula ayenera:

1. Insolubility.
2. Mkulu kwachilengedwenso ndi mankhwala bata.
3. Mphamvu kutsegula mofulumira. Onyamula ayenera kusuntha mosavuta mu mitundu zotakasika.
4. Large hydrophilic.
5. Chofunika permeability. chizindikiro ake ayenera kukhala mofanana chovomerezeka kwa michere ndi coenzymes, mankhwala anachita ndi magawo.

Panopa, palibe zinthu zimene kuti kwathunthu kutsatira malamulo amenewa. Komabe, mu kuchita, ntchito onyamula kuti ndi abwino kwa immobilization wa michere mu gulu ena a zochitika zenizeni.

Gawo

, разделяются на неорганические и органические. Malinga ndi chuma chake, akulumikizana ndi zomwe mankhwala ali n'kukhala michere kuyenda anawagawa zochita kupanga ndi organic. KUMANGA mankhwala ambiri ikuchitika ndi onyamula polymeric. Izi zipangizo organic anawagawa m'magulu awiri: zachilengedwe ndi kupanga. Aliyense wa iwo, nawonso, kuonetsetsa magulu malingana kukonza. Mankwala onyamula ali makamaka umaimiridwa ndi zipangizo galasi, ziwiya zadothi, dongo, silika, graphite mpweya wakuda. Pamene ntchito zipangizo otchuka njira youma zimapangidwira. Kuyenda michere akamagwira wokutira chonyamulira filimu ya okusayidi titaniyamu, aluminiyamu, zirconium, hafnium kapena processing ma polima organic. An ntchito zofunika zipangizo ndi omasuka cha kusinthika.

onyamula mapuloteni

Wotchuka kwambiri zamadzimadzi, polysaccharide ndi mapuloteni zipangizo. Mbadwo Wotsirizira ndi kupereka ma polima structural. Izi makamaka monga kolajeni, Ulimbo, keratin, ndi gelatin. mapuloteni amenewa ndi ambiri chilengedwe. Zilipo ndi ndalama. Komanso, iwo ali ambiri magulu zinchito kwa yolumikiza. Mapuloteni amasiyana biodegradability. . Zimenezi zimathandiza kuwonjezera ntchito michere kuyenda mu mankhwala. Pa nthawiyi, iwo ali mapuloteni ndi katundu negative. на протеиновых носителях заключаются в высокой иммуногенности последних, а также возможность внедрять в реакции только определенные их группы. The kuipa ntchito michere kuyenda kwa onyamula mapuloteni ndi mkulu immunogenicity zakale, komanso mwayi kukhazikitsa mu anachita awo okha magulu ena.

polysaccharides aminosaharidy

zinthuzi Kawirikawiri ntchito chitin, dextran, mapadi, agarose ndi ena ofanana zace. Kuti polysaccharides zambiri kugonjetsedwa ndi zochita za unyolo liniya crosslinked epichlorohydrin mtanda. The mauna dongosolo la magulu osiyanasiyana amaayoni tikuuzidwa ndithu momasuka. Chitin ali anapeza lalikulu zedi monga mankhwala kungotaya mu processing mafakitale nkhanu ndi nkhanu. Nkhanizi losiyana mankhwala kugonjetsedwa ndi ali bwino chimatanthauza pore dongosolo.

ma polima kupanga

gulu limeneli lili ndi kuchuluka kwambiri zipangizo ndi kupezeka. Pamafunikanso ma polima zochokera asidi akiliriki, styrene, polyvinyl mowa, polyurethane ndi ma polima polyamide. Ambiri a iwo mphamvu osiyana makina. Pa kutembenuka imapereka kuthekera osiyanasiyana pore kukula pa osiyanasiyana, kumayambiriro magulu osiyanasiyana zinchito.

Njira kumangako

Panopa, pali awiri mitundu wachibadidwe osiyana immobilization. Choyamba ndi yokonza mankhwala popanda nsinga covalent ndi nthandala. Njira imeneyi ndi thupi. chimake lina ikukhudza zosayembekezereka wa covalent kukondana nkhaniyo. Njira imeneyi mankhwala.

kumamatira

получают путем удерживания препарата на поверхности носителя благодаря дисперсионным, гидрофобным, электростатическим взаимодействиям и водородным связям. Ndi kuti kuyenda michere akamagwira posungira wa mankhwala pa chonyamulira pamwamba chifukwa kupezeka, hydrophobic, electrostatic ankachita ndi maunyolo a hydrogen. Kumamatira ndi njira yoyamba Kuchepetsa kuyenda kwa zinthu. Komabe, panopa njirayi sanataye kufunika kwake. Komanso, kumamatira kwa imatengedwa kuti ndi njira yofala immobilization mu makampani.

makamaka momwe

Mabuku sayansi limanena pa michere 70 anachokera kumamatira njira. Onyamula anachita advantageously, porous galasi, osiyanasiyana clays, polysaccharides, aluminiyamu, ma polima kupanga, titaniyamu ndi zitsulo zina. Pankhaniyi, yotsirizira ntchito nthawi zambiri. Mphamvu ya kumamatira kwa mankhwala nkhani chonyamulira anatsimikiza ndi porosity ndi pamwamba yeniyeni.

limagwirira kanthu

Kumamatira kwa enzyme ndi zida insoluble ndi yosavuta. Zimapezeka ndi kukhudzana ndi amadzimadzi njira ya chotengera mankhwala. Iwo akhoza kutenga njira malo amodzi kapena mphamvu. Yankho enzyme uli wosakanizika ndi sludge atsopano Mwachitsanzo, titaniyamu hydroxide. Ndiye, m'mikhalidwe wofatsa, pawiri nafota. Ntchitoyi enzyme ndi anapitiriza pamene immobilization ngati pafupifupi 100%. Pamene ukufika ndende enieni mg ndi 64 pa galamu ya nthandala.

zoyipa

The kuipa monga otsika kumamatira mphamvu ya kumangako wa enzyme ndi chonyamulira. Mu ndondomeko ya kusintha zinthu zotani kukhala Amowabu imfa zinthu, kuipitsidwa katundu, desorption mapuloteni ndi. Kuonjezera mphamvu ya zogwiriziza kumanga chasinthidwa. Mwachindunji, zipangizo mankhwala ayoni zitsulo, ma polima, ndi mankhwala ena hydrophobic ndi wothandizila polyfunctional. Nthawi zina, mankhwala yokha pansi pa kusinthidwa. Koma nthawi zokwanira, zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti kuchepa mu zochitika zake.

Mupezeke gel osakaniza ndi

Izi njira ndi zachilendo chifukwa wapadera ake ndi kuphweka. Njira imeneyi ndi yabwino osati kwa zinthu payekha, komanso maofesi multiehnzimnyh. Mupezeke gel osakaniza akhoza kuchitidwa ndi njira ziwiri. Mbali yoyamba, mankhwala ali pamodzi ndi amadzimadzi monomer njira, kenako kuchita polymerization. Izi zimachititsa kapangidwe okhudza malo a gel osakaniza munali mamolekyulu enzyme mu maselo. Ngati chachiwiri, mankhwala umayamba mu polima yotsirizidwa. Izo zinali ndiye n'kukhala boma gel osakaniza.

Mawu oyamba a nyumba ya translucent

Akamanena za njira imeneyi imakhala mu immobilizing ndi opatulidwa amadzimadzi enzyme njira kwa gawo lapansi ndi. Limagwiritsa ntchito Kakhungu theka-permeable. Chitadutsa otsika kulemera zigawo zikuluzikulu maselo a cofactors ndi magawo amagwira mamolekyulu lalikulu enzyme.

microencapsulation

Pali zingapo zimene mungachite oyamba mu dongosolo translucent. The chidwi kwambiri awa ndi mapuloteni microencapsulation ndi kulolerana mu liposomes. Njira yoyamba anali akufuna mu 1964 ndi T. Chang. Amakhala mu njira enzyme anadzetsa ndi kapisozi chatsekedwa amene makoma unapangidwa polima semipermeable. Maonekedwe a nkhope Kakhungu chifukwa cha zochita za mankhwala a polycondensation interfacial. Mmodzi wa iwo uli kusungunuka mu organic ndi zina - mu gawo amadzimadzi. Chitsanzo akhoza anatchula mapangidwe microcapsule akamagwira polycondensation wa sebacic asidi halide ndi inu (gawo organic) ndi 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (motero, ndi amadzimadzi gawo). The makulidwe nembanemba ndi kuchita masamu mu hundredths wa micrometer a. Mtengo wa makapisozi - mazana kapena makumi micrometers.

Kulolerana mu liposomes

Njira imeneyi immobilization ali pafupi microencapsulation. Liposomes ndi kuperekedwa mu zamadzimadzi bilayers machitidwe lamellar kapena ozungulira. Njira anagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu 1970 F. Pakuti kulekana kwa liposomes kuchokera njira zamadzimadzi ikuchitika evaporating ndi zosungunulira organic. Otsala woonda filimu omwazikana mu amadzimadzi njira, mmene enzyme alipo. Pa ndondomekoyi, kudziona khamu la nyumba zamadzimadzi bilayer. . Ndithu otchuka awa michere kuyenda mu mankhwala. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ambiri mamolekyulu ndi isanafalikire mu zamadzimadzi masanjidwewo wa nembanemba kwachilengedwenso. являются важнейшим исследовательским материалом, позволяющим изучать и описывать закономерности процессов жизнедеятельности. M'gulu liposomes kuyenda michere ndi zofunika zakuthupi mankhwala kafukufuku, kulola kuphunzira ndi kufotokoza Pantchito za njira moyo.

Mapangidwe kugwirizana latsopano

Immobilization ndi kupanga unyolo latsopano covalent ndi pakati pa michere mbadwa imatengedwa ndi misa kwambiri mafuta biocatalysts ntchito mafakitale. Mosiyana ndi njira thupi, njirayi imapereka zoti sizingasinthe ndi amphamvu chomangira molekyulu ndi chuma. maphunziro ake nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi olimba mankhwala. Komabe, malo enzyme pa 1 mphindi covalent kogwirizana wachibale nthandala amalenga mavuto ena pochita ndondomeko othandizira. Molekyulu ndi wosiyana chuma ndi Ikani lapansi. Monga zambiri zinthu wothandizila poly- ndi difunctional. Iwo, makamaka, ndi hydrazine, cyanogen bromide, glutaraldehyde dialgedrid, sulfuryl mankhwala enaake ndi zina zotero. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa akumapeza galactosyltransferase enzyme kwa atolankhani ndi ndondomeko izi anaikapo -CH ₂ -NH- (CH _{2) 5} -CO-. Zikatere alipo mu kapangidwe ka Ikani, ndipo chotengera molekyulu. Onsewo ogwirizana ndi nsinga covalent. Wofunika kwambiri ndi kufunika kuyambitsa magulu zinchito mu zimene si zofunika kwa ntchito othandizira wa mchitidwe wa. Choncho, kawirikawiri, glycoproteins amagwira kwa chonyamulira mapuloteni sunathe, ndi mwa zimam'patsa moiety. Chifukwa ndi wolimba ndi yogwira kuyenda michere.

maselo

njira tafotokozazi amaonedwa konsekonse chifukwa mitundu yonse ya biocatalysts. Zikuphatikizapo Inter zina zotere, monga maselo, nyumba subcellular, immobilization amene akukhala posachedwapa ambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa zotsatirazi. Pamene immobilization maselo Sikuti kupeza ndikutisambitsa kukonzekera enzyme kugwiritsa cofactors mu zotani. Chifukwa, izo zitakhala zotheka kachitidwe kuti achite tsatane Mipikisano njira zikuchitika mosalekeza kupeza.

Ntchito michere kuyenda

, промышленности, других хозяйственных отраслях достаточно популярны препараты, полученные указанными выше способами. Mankhwala Chowona Zanyama, makampani ndi mafakitale ena m'banja kukonzekera otchuka kwambiri akamagwira njira pamwambapa. Zatha njira mchitidwe kupereka yankho ku mavuto a kukhazikitsa yobereka akulimbana za mankhwala m'thupi. michere kanthu amaloledwa kutenga mankhwala yaitali wotenga ndi kawopsedwe kochepa ndipo allergenicity. Tsopano asayansi kuthetsa mavuto kugwirizana ndi bioconversion ya misa ndi mphamvu, ntchito njira microbiological. Pakali pano, chopereka kwambiri kuti ntchito yopanga luso ndi michere kuyenda. ziyembekezo Development ndi yotakata asayansi zokwanira. Choncho, m'tsogolo wina wa udindo waukulu kwambiri ndondomeko kulamulira chilengedwe ayenera a mitundu yatsopano ya kusanthula. Makamaka funso bioluminescent, ndi puloteni immunoassay. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi njira zotsogola mu processing wa feedstocks lignocellulosic. Kuyenda michere angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati amplifiers wa chizindikiro ofooka. Yogwira malo kungakhale mchikakamizo cha TV, ndilo pansi sonication, nkhawa makina kapena poyera kuti phytochemicals kusinthika.