Lamulo Natural ndi ulemu wa munthu

lamulo Natural - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo wamkulu limene "anathyola mkondo" andale, achilamulo ndi nzeru ena, ndipo komabe funso wotseguka. Ngakhale ngati inu zinayambira chiphunzitso ichi, tikuona kuti, ngakhale kulimbikira kwa mdani, anatsala pang'ono anapambana ukulu wa mgwirizano wa mayiko malamulo. Choyamba, n'zochititsa chidwi chifukwa kunayamba Kale, mwinanso kale, koma amaona kuti chiphunzitso chapadera anakhala patapita nthawi yaitali. Pomaliza, M'badwo tsopano, anakhala mmodzi wa ziphunzitso ziwiri lotsutsa m'munda wa jurisprudence.

Ngakhale kumvetsa kuti ena katundu zaperekedwa kwa munthu mwa chibadwa, kwenikweni anapanga m'banda Greece wakale, iyo inasonyeza kulungamitsa ukapolo, popeza ngakhale Aristotle chachikulu kuti mtundu winawake wa anthu akapolo mwa chilengedwe, ndipo chifukwa ena amene ndi mwayi pidakwana kubalwa free, muyenera kusamalira. Ancient jurists Roma wa mfundo "lamulo la zolengedwa" (kapena jus naturale), koma tanthauzo lake iwo sanapite mfundo zina umboni kwambiri. Mu Middle Ages kuphatikiza chiphunzitso cha mfundo zachilengedwe ndi Mulungu, choncho mawu amenewa anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni asayansi, canonists, akufotokozera malamulo malamulo kachipembedzo, zambiri pa maziko a za ndale.

Komano, mu malemba ena opatulika kapena m'nthano kapena maxims makhalidwe ofotokozedwa mabuku kapena nthano zinasintha pang'onopang'ono zolinga zina zimene ndi choonadi, chilungamo, ndi azimai ndi zina zotero. Nawonso, kuwamva monga mtundu wa lamulo la zolengedwa monga muyezo wa mmene munthu ayenera zinthu ndi zimene zikutanthauza ulemu. nthawi yatsopano anali ngati chothandizira chiphunzitso ichi, ndi kudzitcha kuti pali zinthu zoonekeratu, anthu awa ndi chikhalidwe - kuti moyo, ufulu, kuyanjana - ndi wokwatibwa ndi iwo pa mfundo za kubadwa. malingaliro nzeru zaumunthu, kukwera kutchinjiriza choonadi, atapereka Gugo Grotsiem ndi anzeru ambiri Choonadi, makamaka Holbach ndi Rousseau.

lamulo Natural monga mfundo wakhala wotetezedwa mwa malamulo, monga kunachitika French Chikhazikitso cha 1789 pa "ufulu wopatulika chachibadwidwe" kapena American Chikhazikitso cha wodzilamulira. Ngakhale ayenera zikhulupiriro kuti boma French, kulemba chapamwamba lemba la ufulu kwachikhalire ndi azimai akazi analetsa kuti pambuyo wafunsira kayendedwe ka akazi othandiza kuyenda. Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chiphunzitso ichi, chifukwa ngakhale ambiri a iwo amene anali malo amene maudindo ena ofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu, mu wochita, pamene tikuchita ndi anthu omwe magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu ndi zinthu zosiyana, wolungamitsidwa ndendende malamulo amene amene amateteza mphamvu za zipani akulamulira ndi makalasi. Choncho, m'zaka za m'ma XIX, pamene mfundo imeneyi ya kapangidwe ka anthu chimenechi chidza-, zachilengedwe ndi mfundo za lamulo zabwino anayamba poyera kukumanizana mzake.

Kuteteza malamulo oyamba zolinga za malamulo "wa chilengedwe", anzeru nthawi zambiri zochokera maganizo oti zabwino ndi wabwino. lamulo Natural onse chakale ake ndi m'lingaliro masiku ano ya mitundu ngati katundu amene sangathe kuchepetsedwa kwa wina ndi mzake kapena kwa zinthu zina. Moyo, ulemu, sociality, ufulu, ndi zina zotero, ndipo malamulo a makhalidwe ayenera kuperekedwa mwa munthu zovuta, n'cholinga choti moyo kukhalapo. Sangathe kuwasamalira chifukwa cha mzake, kotero kuti iwo "ntchito" mwa akaphatikiza lapansi. Iwo sangakhoze zichotsedwe chilango kapena kupereka aliyense wa iwo. Only ndiye kukwaniritsa wabwino. chiphunzitso zabwino zachokera "amapindula", ndiye lingaliro kuti n'zotheka nsembe chinachake wamkulu wabwino, kapena chinachake osangalala wamba.

Choncho chiphunzitso cha chimene ufulu wa munthu, ndiko kuti, chiphunzitso cha mphamvu anapatsidwa chibadwire. Palibe mphamvu anamupatsa mwayi ali kwa iwo palibe aliyense ayenera ndipo analibe zikomo ine. Komanso, ngakhale boma kapena mtsogoleri chipani kapena gulu la anthu sangathe kutenga palibe zifukwa, ngakhale mu njira zambiri demokalase. kupatuka kwa ufulu ngati angawagwiritsire kutanthauziridwa monga kuphwanya kuchira zawo zofuna. Ndipotu, gwero la mphamvu zachilengedwe lagona pa mfundo ulemu anakhalabe ngakhale Jean-Zhak Russo, popeza chuma chimenechi si monga chotero, chomwe chiri chibadidwe anthu ndipo palibe wina kwa mzake, ndi khalidwe wamba mamembala onse a mtundu wa anthu, mbali chikhalidwe.