Lamulo: zizindikiro, kapangidwe

Kuti ndi mwambo anthu akhoza anaonetsetsa mwa owongolera zofunikira ziwiri: chiwawa ndi kulamulira kwa mphamvu. Njira yoyamba, chiwawa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ena lero. Komabe, m'pofunika kuona choonekera drawback Njira ku gulu la dongosolo dziko, akuti: Company mantha mphamvu, koma alibe kulemekeza malamulo, amene amalalikira. Chifukwa, mawonekedwe zachiwawa lamulo ndithu yochepa moyo. Pankhani momvetsera wa boma, njira iyi itha kulibe monga maziko kumbali-yekha kapena kudalirana ndi zinthu zachiwawa. Uyamiko kwa Iye, boma chikoka osati kokha, komanso kuti kutchuka ndi kale lonse. Pakali pano, motsatira njira ya mphamvu mu dziko akuwonekera chifukwa kuli ufulu wa munthu ndi zinthu ake ambiri aang'ono, udindo umene ali wamkulu. Choncho, nkhani ayankhidwa pa lamulo monga njira malamulo m'dziko ndi maubwenzi anu onse chikhalidwe akuwuka mu izo.

Lamulo: mbiri ya mapangidwe gulu

malamulo ano Iwo ali ndithu mbiri wolemera. Inakhalapo pa nthawi yonse ya moyo wa munthu. Lamulo - ndi mbali yofunika ya izo, kotero njira ya mapangidwe ake, mapangidwe ndi chitukuko ndi mwachindunji njila kwa nkhaniyo. Poyamba, yang'anira a chikhalidwe Gona ndi makhalidwe amene anapanga pansi mavuto dongosolo la fuko. Anthu mukudziwa zomwe iwo amachita ndi mmene iwo amachita izo. Ndipo kuphwanya malamulo abwino amayenera kukhala ndi udindo m'dera lonse. Vuto linali lakuti gawo limodzi chimangidwe kuzindikira mfundo zina za makhalidwe abwino, ena amawaona chodabwitsa kwathunthu osayenera litsatidwe.

Ndi chitukuko cha zinthu zokhudza chikhalidwe ndi zikamera wa mphamvu centralized zinaonekeratu kuti boma, ngakhale ang'ono, sangathe kupereka dongosolo kudzera mwa malamulo abwino. Ndipotu, kuyambira 2000 BC, anapanga boma, lomwe ogwirizana molamulidwa anthu ake ambiri. Choncho, kunali koyenera kuti akonze dongosolo logwirizana la malamulo, kuvomerezedwa onse, mwa kulankhula kwina, amayenera kuoneka Tinganene ya malamulo. Kuchita izi, ife timatenga ambiri makhalidwe adasandulika iwo ndi wotetezedwa mwa kulemba mawonekedwe a chilamulo boma. The chipilala kwambiri wakale wa malamulo olembedwa ndi malamulo a Mfumu Hammurabi, analenga m'ma 1750 zaka BC. yapadera kwambiri kubweretsa lamanja la chilamulo Roma, amene analenga munthu zambiri wakale ndi lofunika gwero la malamulo - "Malamulo a XII matebulo". Development wa chilamulo amatenga kukhota chosiyana, pamene mu dziko pali ziphunzitso, kudziwika kwa ife lero (Islam, Chibuda, Christianity).

The lamulo ndi chipembedzo

Asayansi ambiri masiku ano, maloya amakhulupirira kuti lamulo, zizindikiro zomwe Adzaperekedwa kenako m'nkhani ino, makamaka anapanga pamaziko a zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo. Ndipo aliyense dziko anatengedwa payokha chilamulo lamulo anayamba pamaziko a chipembedzo, chimene chiri mu chikhalidwe ndi chimodzi chachikulu. Choncho, lero ife tingathe kuona kusiyana noticeable pakati pa zamalamulo a East ndi West, Muslim, Abuda ndi dziko Mkhristu. The odziwika kukhazikitsa ufulu chipembedzo zinachitika m'mayiko malamulo Sharia ponseponse. Pankhaniyi, ufulu mwachindunji zochokera amakonda kupembedza. Yowayenera malamulo malamulo akupezeka m'mayiko Mkhristu. Panopa udindo ankaimba ndi msinkhu wonse wa chitukuko ubale chikhalidwe mwa anthu. M'mawu ena, Chikhristu ndi lotseguka kwa luso. Koma Chibuda, izo akulemera kuposa chiphunzitso cha pacification wauzimu, osati lamulo la anthu. Choncho, amene amadza chifukwa cha kumanja pafupifupi ziro.

Ulamuliro malamulo a chilamulo: chikhulupiriro chamakono

Pakali pano, asayansi apanga chikhulupiriro chamakono wa lamulo. Theorists kuti n'komwe osati mbali mbiri, komanso chikhalidwe komanso ya chipembedzo. Tidziwanso kuti lamulo - ndi yokhala ndi ulamuliro zina khalidwe lomwe ndi lamulo ndipo amayenda ndi boma, kumene kumasonyeza ufulu leni malamulo m'dziko. Komanso, lamulo - ndi yang'anira waukulu ubale chikhalidwe , singasiyanitsidwe ndi ulamuliro ovomerezeka anthu. malamulo onse kusasintha komanso mwadongosolo, kuti zili m'gulu khamu umodzi malamulo a chilamulo boma. Wakudziko iyoyomwe dongosolo, amene ayankhidwa kenako nkhaniyi. Chithunzi cha lero bwino kwambiri kotero kuti malamulo amaphatikizidwa mu makampani, mabungwe subinstituty. Zonsezi zimathandiza kuti aliyense ulamuliro wa makhalidwe chilamulo, malingana ndi makampani yomwe ilipo.

Lamulo: Zizindikiro

Chiphunzitso chi malamulo limatchula ambiri zizindikiro malamulo. Komabe, anapatsidwa chikhalidwe ambiri a sayansi malamulo, ngakhale kuti kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndi dera lawo, kwambiri "tingachipeze powerenga" zizindikiro akhoza kukhala wolemekezeka. Iwo makamaka chifukwa cha khalidwe dongosolo la malamulo a malamulo ndi malo awo mu dongosolo chonse malamulo a boma lililonse. Choncho, zinthu zotsatirazi zikhoza utoto

1) kokafikira unspecific. Malamulo a asapita, kwambiri lililonse ndi khalidwe la anthu anapatsidwa. Iwo munthu, ngakhale zina, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito, ndi kokafikira akadali n'komwe.

2) malamulo amamanga aliyense amene ali m'malire a zochita zawo.

3) kukhudzana Direct ndi boma. Posachedwapa, osati amalenga linalake, komanso amakhala ndi kanthu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo.

4) Mfundo yaikulu ya zizindikiro ofunda yotsimikizika kuti malamulo onse ananyamuka malangizo osiyana a boma la mphamvu zalamulo. Aliyense wa iwo sizinatchulidwe ufulu ndi ntchito nkhani.

5) Ngakhale kuti lamulo ndi zogwirizana iwo simatsutsana mzake, zimene zikusonyeza microsystem awo.

Tangoganizirani mbali pamwamba, tisaiwale mbali yofunika kwambiri mu malamulo, ankaimba ndi ulamuliro uliwonse limodzi la malamulo. Zizindikiro kwakukulukulu fotokozani chifukwa item wamng'ono n'kofunika kwambiri chitukuko cha malamulo a boma lililonse.

Kapangidwe ka malamulo malamulo

Pamene tikukamba za dongosolo la malamulo malamulo, tisaiwale kufunika kwapadera, makamaka kwa yazamalamulo dera. Zikomo chitsanzo chilengedwe anayamba asayansi malamulo chilamulo cha kapangidwe zimatheka pamwamba kwambiri m'munda wa chitukuko, ndi kulenga kwambiri yabwino ndi yabwino zamalamulo kuti molondola ndi efficiently zonse unagona chikhalidwe. Komanso chidwi n'chakuti malamulo a dongosolo akhoza kusinthidwa malingana ndi makampani zamalamulo limene lilili. Komabe, "mapindikidwe" amapezeka kokha m'mafakitale yeniyeni. Nthawi zina zonse, dongosolo patatu, ndipo imakhala otsatirawa pali mfundo:

- kungoganizira;

- khalidwe;

- kuvomereza.

Tikumbukenso kuti dongosolo lino amanena, kotero malamulo Chirasha, Chiyukireniya, British kapena American adzakhala ndi chimodzimodzi dongosolo mkati. Aliyense amafotokozera ali ndi makhalidwe ake, komanso mitundu, amene amapanga zotheka kuwachitira mu dongosolo limodzi si malamulo, koma payokha.

Features ndi mitundu ya kungoganizira

Ndi kale anafotokoza kuti malamulo a Russian Federation, United States, United Kingdom kapena dziko lina liri musati amasiyana Chrixitu mu dongosolo. Choncho, pafupifupi zonse pali kungoganizira - gawo la lamulo, limene mwachindunji mfundo malamulo, mfundo za moyo, kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa amene mwachindunji zokhudzana mwakale. Pankhaniyi, wolemba ananena kuti, malinga ndi makampani malamulo, katunduyo akhoza kusowa. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a chilamulo utsogoleri ndi zigawenga ndife anthu ambiri dispositional, ndiye nthawi yomweyo zikusonyeza ufulu ndi udindo zipani.

Komabe, asayansi ambiri ochokera mawu si wachibadidwe kutsutsana. Iwo amanena kuti ngakhale malamulo a kayendetsedwe ndi malamulo a boma ali ndi chidziwitso choona, chifukwa popanda izo, si bwino zimene asapita yeniyeni chikhalidwe malamulo.

mitundu ya malingaliro

Mfundo yaikulu iliyonse kungoganizira ikuti kuli mitundu yake. Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi chiwerengero cha zinthu akutali:

- malingaliro chosavuta (lili chikhalidwe chimodzi chimene chapangitsa kuti yachibadwa).

- gulu amanena (lomwe lili ndi zinthu ziwiri kapena zambiri chapangitsa kuti malamulo malamulo).

Palinso gulu la malingaliro pa maziko a mfundo za mfundo malamulo. Malinga zosiyanasiyana ichi, chinthu choyamba cha ulamuliro wa lamulo lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu mitundu zotsatirazi, akuti:

- Mkota kungoganizira - amaonetsera zinthu kwambiri khalidwe ndi ambiri za mfundo malamulo. M'mawu ena, amatsimikiza mfundo generic.

- Anecdotal kungoganizira - digiri yapamwamba ya nkhani kulunjika. Iwo makamaka ntchito m'mayiko a achingelezi banja, kumene kuli malo olondola.

Kodi m'mutu?

Zofunika kwambiri ndipo ndithudi mfundo za dongosolo lonse la ponseponse aliyense ali wamtima. Iwo wotetezedwa ufulu ndi udindo umene ulamuliro lisanalengedwe. Ndipotu, yotumidwa - ndi m'chigulugulu lokha. asayansi ambiri amadziwa ngofunika kwambiri kwa mchitidwe uwu, kunena za mfundo zimene iye amachita kokha ntchito nkhani. A kuonerera ofanana si zoona, chifukwa zikomo mbali dispositional tingalankhule ponena za mmene aliyense pa amaonera anthu. Mwachidule, popanda malingaliro zosatheka kuchititsa anthu. The bwino ndi Kufikika ufulu ndi udindo akukambidwa mu izi amafotokozera structural, wamkulu kuwonjezeka chikhalidwe malamulo a anthu a dziko.

Features ziletso

Chifukwa ziletso akhoza anaonetsetsa infringer udindo kapena amene sachita ntchito zotchulidwa malamulo ena. Komabe, pali ziletso kuti kunyamula zotsatira zabwino kwambiri kwa mutu. mchikhalidwe amatchedwa chingatilimbikitse.

Motero, lamulo ndi kuvomereza - ichi ndi chinthu structural kuti amanyamula zotsatira malamulo mfundo zotchulidwa mu ulamuliro yokha. Monga kungoganizira, amavomereza sangakhale zilipo m'madera ena. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo oyendetsera dziko lili chabe kungoganizira ndi maonekedwe. Kuvomerezedwa amangoika safuna, chifukwa mchikhalidwe Constitutional kulimbikitsa udindo wa matupi chapamwamba cha mphamvu ya boma ndi zina nyumba zofunika kwambiri. Tidziwanso kuti malamulo oyendetsera dziko si nzika mavuto alionse, zabwino ndi zoipa.

mitundu ya ziletso

zosiyanasiyanazo ziletso okha kusiyana ndi mlingo wa kutsimikizirika kwa mchitidwe structural za lamulo. Choncho, mitundu zotsatirazi Mwachitsanzo:

- zina mwamtheradi;

- ulemu kwa ena (mu ziletso chomwecho zosiyanasiyana kukula kwake Mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa yabwino kapena akuti m'ndende);

- zina ziletso (ngati zinthu structural lili angapo yabwino kapena akumane zotsatira za mfundo malamulo).

Mu jurisprudence ano ofala chidwi wachibale kapena ziletso zina, chifukwa iwo n'zotheka kuti molondola kwambiri kuganizira subtleties onse a nkhani ina. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu nyumba. Malamulo a makampani mulibe ziletso ndi kumene chinthu ichi alipo, ali pafupi nthawi zonse njira zina kapena ndi ena. Njira imeneyi zachokera chofunikira kwambiri za ufulu nyumba. Iwo mwapafupi kwambiri kugwirizana ndi kampani ndipo nthawi ubwenzi yeniyeni.

Place mchikhalidwe mu malamulo

Choncho, takambirana mfundo ndi dongosolo la malamulo malamulo. Poganizira zinthu zonse zatchulidwa, n'zotheka kuti apeze momwe dongosolo aumbike mwa lamulo. chakuti malamulo onse amaphatikizidwa mu limagwirira limodzi kwa lamulo la dziko. Koma kwa kanthu zambiri ndi bwino mfundo yunifolomu amaphatikiza mabungwe subinstituty. Yotsirizira Nayenso analenga gawo malamulo (zigawenga, utsogoleri, boma, malamulo nyumba, ndi zina zotero. N.). Komanso, pali panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira ofukula zokhudza malamulo, ndiwo malamulo a "malo wamba" wa anthu ndi boma. Ndipotu, lamulo, lamulo lalikhulu ladziko ndipo zinthu zina - ndi kapangidwe ka lamulo malamulo m'dziko, ikuchitika ndi anapanga njira malamulo.

Monga mfundo zili zochita malamulo?

malamulo zili zokhudza boma la kusinthasintha mphamvu malamulo ndi ukulu. Monga ulamuliro, ponseponse payokha sizigwirizana ndi nkhani kapena ndime ya kachitidwe normative, ngakhale zina siyana izi zofanana. Pali mfundo ziwiri zofunika kuganizira:

1) lamulo - lamulo la makhalidwe.

2) Article normative mchitidwe - mawonekedwe, limene chifuniro cha boma.

Choncho, mawu a lamulo zosonyeza boma zingasiyane. Pali njira zingapo ulaliki wa mbali zonse za lamulo mu nkhani zokhudza boma, akuti:

1) Direct. zinthu zonse structural aphatikizidwa nkhaniyi. Pankhaniyi, nkhani osiyana kwenikweni, ndi lamulo. nkhani ndi zofala, ndipo iwo ali yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.

2) Referential. Pankhaniyi, mbali ina osati kapena limaoneka pang'ono chosakwanira. Pa nthawi yomweyo pali mawu onena za nkhani ina ya lamulo lomwelo. Mtundu wa malamulo sizachilendo kwambiri malamulo a mayikowo, monga mosamala kwambiri kukhudzana ndi nthambi zina.

3) Ponena njira bulangeti, ndi ambiri "chipangizo". Iye ali mu njira zambiri zofanana Referential, koma Nkhani wopanga malamulo amanena osati Nkhani ina ya lamulo lomwelo, ndipo amatanthauza osiyana nthambi ya lamulo. Iwo limafotokoza kachitidwe ka malamulo. Iwo amalola kuti zonse ubale malamulo ofanana malamulo malamulo a chilengedwe osiyana.

Choncho, lamulo, zizindikiro ndi dongosolo limene anali kuperekedwa mu pepala ndi zinthu zing'onozing'ono malamulo. Komabe, udindo wake ndi opondapo mu ndondomeko ya malamulo malamulo a cikhalidwe. Asayansi ambiri masiku ano kuphunzira zinthu, kupanga chinthu chachikulu za kafukufuku wawo.