Lem Stanislav: makoti, zithunzi, mbiri, zolemba, ndemanga

Wotchuka wolemba wa Polish Lem Stanislav anapambana chikondi owerenga padziko lonse amagwira ntchito polemba chinenero cha yopeka ndi nzeru za anthu. Wolemba anakhala laureate wa mphoto zambiri Polish ndi mayiko, mwa iwo Austria boma mphoto Poland, mphoto dzina lake Kafka. Ndipo iye anakhala Knight a Order ya White Mphungu, chofukizira madigiri, aulemu dokotala mayunivesite angapo. Great kanema "Solaris" analengedwa ndi mankhwala eponymous, lomwe linalembedwa ndi Stanislav Lem.

yonena

Anabadwa zapadera yopeka mu mzinda Polish wa Lvov mu September 1921, ku banja la wolemekezeka anthu dokotala Lviv. Maphunziro zolimbitsa thupi mu 1939. Ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo Lviv anakhala mzinda Soviet. Lem Stanislav ankafuna kuphunzira zomangamanga sayansi, koma kulowa yunivesite Polytechnic analephera. Mothandizidwa ndi bambo ake, iye anakonza mankhwala ndipo anayamba kuphunzira pali opanda chidwi chilichonse.

Patapita zaka ziwiri, Lions anakhala mzinda German, ndi sukulu anasiya ntchito yawo. Izo sizinali zophweka, wolemba m'tsogolo. Mwachionekere makolo Chiyuda anachititsa moyo wake pangozi miniti iliyonse zonse ntchito yake. Iye sakanakhoza kulowa ghetto ndi anafera pomwepo, ngati momwe zinalili ndi lonse la Lviv anzeru. zikalata Komabe, anakwanitsa kulungamitsa, ndi amene anakonza Lem Stanislav monga makaniko mu olimba German chifukwa zitsulo processing. Mu 1944, Lions anakhalanso mzinda Polish, ndi wolemba tsogolo anapitiriza maphunziro ake ku sukulu yophunzitsa udokotala.

mu Poland

Komabe, mu 1946, Lions anakhalanso mzinda Union kumene aspiring zotsala Bandera magulu napha anthu Polish pa muzu - mudzi wonse, ndi m'mizinda anali wosakhazikika kwambiri. Zitsulo poyankha m'gawo lake, onongani midzi Chiyukireniya.

Choncho, Iosif Stalin anaganiza mafunso awa mwa repatriation. Patangotha masiku ochepa, pafupifupi onse Zitsulo kuchokera kumadzulo Ukraine anapita ku Poland, ndipo pafupifupi onse Ukrainians ku Poland - mu Western Ukraine. Lem Stanislav, nayenso, anagwera mu kusamuka chachikulu anapitiriza maphunziro ake kale mu University Kraków - mphamvu of Medicine, sanali zinthu zofanana.

kuyambira

Ngakhale sanatenge mayeso omaliza, analandira yekha kalata, koma osati dipuloma. Mwina chifukwa anaopa kuchita sakondedwa malonda, koma mungathe - usilikali, "asokoneza" chifukwa ndi diploma kuti iye kupanga ntchito ya dokotala nkhondo. Anakakhala ku 1948 pambuyo sukuluyi mu sayansi labu junior wothandizira, ndipo anali osangalala kwambiri.

Ndipo sanalinso anakopeka ntchito, kupatula limodzi, ndipo sanalinso zomangamanga. Kuchokera mu 1946 anayamba kufalitsa ntchito zake wosangalatsa, ndiko kuti, anakhala wolemba. Stanisław Lem, amene chithunzi tsopano mwina nditamuwona munthu aliyense, ndipo ambiri, ndipo nthawi zonse pa tebulo lako, panyengo kwambiri anakapezeka chimene adafuna.

"Munthu ku Mars" ndi "chombo"

buku lake loyamba Czlowiek z Marsa linasindikizidwa ku Nowy Swiat Przygod - magazini mlungu uliwonse. Owerenga zinapatsira ndi cholinga, kuchokera ntchito choyamba cha Stanisław Lem anakhala mlembi wina ku Poland mpatuko, ngakhale ambiri a bukhu sizinayambe posachedwapa.

Kale anali mu 1951, pamene nthawi yomweyo kutha kwa maalumali chabe lofalitsidwa Astronauci wake ( "chombo"). Stanisław Lem analemba Tsopano, ndemanga za ntchito zimene zinali zodzaza kale pa masamba a periodicals kudutsa mdziko, pafupifupi kosalekeza.

No zina

Lem ambiri ku Germany, Czechoslovakia. Ndipo nthawi anapita ku Soviet Union, koma sanali naye konse mu mlingo pang'ono, pansi kachitidwe kamodzi ndale (monga taonera pafupifupi onse). Komabe, pamene kuli kofunikira kwambiri kuti, anati ndipo analemba kuti amakonda ndi kulemekeza ...

Mu 1982, pamene kamodzinso fungo la nkhondo Poland, Stanisław Lem, zochokera ntchito zimene kale ntchito anthu, kaya akhale a mtundu, malo okhala, jenda ndi zaka, anasamukira ku Austria, ngakhale anaonekera pa nthawiyo kuti anasangalala iliyonse dziko. Iye anakhala ndi moyo zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zinayi, ngakhale masautso a zoyambirira za moyo. Komabe, mtima anali woipa, chifukwa iye anafa mu March 2006.

kalembedwe

Stanisław Lem, amene ntchito kulankhula zambiri za kulankhulana analephera anthu ndi zamoyo zina zakuthambo, analemba zambiri za umisiri wa m'tsogolo. Patapita nthawi, zolemba amalembedwa idealization cha zikhumbo chikhalidwe, pafupi ndi mtundu wanyimbo wa enaake, pamene munthu n'kotopetsa chifukwa cha ndondomeko redevelopment.

malemba muli nthabwala, Zotengera ndi nzeru. Nkhope ya mafani yopeka, umene chidwi Stanisław Lem, ikuchokera pa "Star zolemba Iyona Pacific," Mwachitsanzo, ntchito konsekonse kwa zaka zambiri. Osati wolemba pachabe chidwi osati nthano, komanso futurology.

ulemerero

Lem mabuku m'zinenero zoposa makumi anayi, anazigulitsa kwambiri kwambiri - zoposa makope miliyoni makumi atatu. Izo zinandipangitsa zimasintha zoposa makumi awiri ntchito zake, Pakati mbali yaikulu ya Poland ndi USSR kuchotsedwa, koma pamodzi ndi iwo sankawabisira Czechoslovakia, Germany, England, USA ndipo ngakhale Azerbaijan. Yabwino ya zojambula ndi, kumene, "Solaris" Tarkovsky anawomberedwa, ngakhale Stanisław Lem, ntchito yabwino imene amalandiridwa ndi kuzindikiridwa USSR, sikokwanira oveteredwa wake umenewu. Komanso, Tarkovsky amatchedwa "chitsiru" chifukwa popereka mfundo zofunika.

Komabe, pa eponymous American filimu ndi Clooney zambiri monga grimaced. Ndipo choonadi, pali lingaliro lalikulu ena onse palibe. American yopeka Lem kwambiri ankadana ndi kudzudzulidwa mlingo umene iye achotsedwa American Society of yopeka. Osati kuzindikira Bradbury ndi Shackley, Clarke ndi Asimov anamuyamikira yekha Strugatsky, makamaka anatamanda "msewu masanje". Iye kuonekanso zachilendo kuti sanali iye analemba.

dictionary

Stanisław Lem - wolemba, amene ali chibadidwe chilengedwe mawu. Chiwerengero cha neologisms, zilengedwa ndi ntchito otsatira kuposa naini zikwi. The odala Zitsulo Russian pa nkhani imeneyi. The omasulira mabuku ankagwirira ntchito za Lem a luso kwambiri, ndi moyandikana ndi kumasulira chinenero chinathandiza, kotero tingakhulupirire kusangalala wolemba nthabwala.

Mabaibulo m'zinenero sanali Asilavo ali kwambiri ovutika, nkomwe zambiri zosangalatsa kuwerenga ntchito za Stanisław Lem mungawapange America kapena French. Mwina popanda kufotokoza iliyonse zikuonekeratu kuti achira - "altruizin" kuti malo - "besilnya", umene wololera munthu makina otchedwa "blednotikom" ndi "Bumba" ndi "blyumba" amasiyana bomba ochiritsira. Ndi zodabwitsa akuti - "lzhivotnye" yomweyo bwino - kupanga. No zochepa zoseketsa ndi "postyment" ndi "sepulka".

Wolemba umapereka ndi wittily zovala maganizo awo akuti: "Machine, yosamveka, unsophisticated, sangathe poraskinut malingaliro, kodi analamula smyshlonaya yoyamba amazindikira kuti yopindulitsa kwambiri akufuna kuthetsa vutolo kapena kuyesa wriggle mwa izo.?". "The malire a udindo ndi tikulidziwa ukulu wa Judicial Code." "Mfundo yaikulu ya ukalamba ndi kuti nzeru, amene sakhoza ntchito."

nzika

Pamodzi ndi amenewa suoneka wa zithunzi chinenero kukwapula ndi kupingasa zilandiridwenso wa zinthu zenizeni, chilengedwe ndi zenizeni: ndi enaake ndi dystopia, ndi nkhani kuwala za mlengalenga, ndi katundu kusintha makhalidwe a anthu, pano zina ndi wolemekezeka turbid m'tsogolo dziko pang'ono kuzungulira ngodya zonse za wogulitsa zozunguza ubongo freaky, ndipo chigonjetso cha anthu, kugonjetsa chonse ...

Ndipo zinapita pambuyo ena, kukakamiza wowerenga kuganiza, ndi sikuti ngati mwina ankaganiza Stanisław Lem. zolemba wake ndi chachikulu chimene chimathandiza kusiya kokha pa ntchito kwambiri wodziwika bwino.

"Masekondi 137"

Ndi nthano yakale ya yopeka, pamene lingaliro ndi protagonist - izo superpronitsatelnaya maukonde kompyuta. Futurology, amene ntchito zambiri wolemba Pamilunguyo limapezeka kuno ku mbali ya moyang'ana m'tsogolo, akuneneratu zochitika koma unaccrued. chiwembu ndi wowumitsa, koma kuchepetsa ndi mavuto nzeru zaumunthu, monga nthawi umaonekera maganizo a anthu. Nthawi gawo zikuoneka zovuta kwambiri kumvetsa.

"Mtheradi wachabechabe"

Zimenezi zinalembedwa munthu woyamba, omwe Mlembi amachita ngati wotsutsa mabuku amene amazitsutsa ntchito osalembedwa. A zambiri za anthu, nthabwala, cheeky Zotengera ndi ngakhale mfundo zawo za dziko limene khalidwe zolembalemba amakhala. Buku ili za maloto ndi chabe pa mfundo zopambana mu opanda mtheradi, thangwi kweneko ndiye pali zosachitika.

"Altruizin"

Ngakhale pakati pa makina ali anapeza hermits, ngati ndi nkhani wosangalatsa. Wina Dobrica, loboti kudzipatula m'chipululu ndikuganiza zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri, kenako ndinaganiza zopanga osangalala anansi. Ndiye mnzake mlengi Klapautsy ndikuuzeni nkhani zosangalatsa za moyo enesertsev, anthu omwewo kuti afikira NDS (siteji apamwamba chitukuko). Nawonso, kale adafuna wosangalala dziko lonse - chuma, satiety, ndi muyeso wa zabwino. Ndipo chomwe izo? Chimwemwe aliyense akumvetsa mu njira yake ...

"Bwererani ku Nyenyezi"

buku ili nkomwe nazo chiyero cha mtundu wanyimbo, amene nthawi yodziwika ndi wolemba. Izi si zopeka, mokulira Ayi ndithu: pankhani za khalidwe la anthu, zachilengedwe, ubwenzi wa munthu ndi chikhalidwe. Mapazi a HG Wells ( "The Machine Time") Stanisław Lem kuukitsa nkhani ya anatengera anthu chilengedwe kumene ngwazi za akuona kuti zaka zikwi za zaka spaced kuyambira pamene iye anabadwa. Palinso mphatso ndipo Izitu n'zovutitsa, ndi lalikulu mtima, ndi nkhambakamwa ndi zenizeni, ndi mawu onyoza, ndi phantasmagoria. Palibe ndege, koma ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana ndi unpredictability wa zamaganizo anthu.

"Education Tsifrushi"

Klapautsiyu sanali mpaka Trurlya, rector wa yunivesite - zovuta malo, ndi Trurl ululu cholinga makina otchedwa Tsifrushey ndipo anayamba kukhala izo. Kunyong'onyeka pang'onopang'ono wapita, Trurl akuchita malonda ndipo sindidzakhalanso yekha. Komabe, icho chinachitika kuti m'kupita kwa maphunziro panali kusiyana, popeza zitatu zotsatizana kugwa kwa miyala yochokera anagwa Trurlya munda kumene anatenga makalasi ndi Tsifrushey, amene anali achisanu nyenyezi mchira, zimauluka ndi. meteorites awa anali alendo zosayembekezereka: loboti drummer, ng'oma ndi Android, amene clamped mu dzanja ndi kapu ya ululu. Trurl ndi Tsifrushey yomweyo thawed ndi moyo alendowo, ndipo kenako anamvetsera nkhani chidwi ...