Lembani thonje. Features dongosolo ndi makalasi a thonje

Dziko m'madzi ndi osiyanasiyana ndi wapadera nthawi zina ngakhale kovuta kusiyanitsa zomera ndi nyama. Choncho akalumikidzidwa chodabwitsa ndi zamoyo kumeneko. Large zimphona m'madzi ndi tosaoneka kwambiri planktonic nkhanu, zokongola ndi kowala, zilombo zolusa komanso herbivores - misala mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo. Chimodzi cha zolengedwa zodabwitsa ndipo chinkhupule, tikambirana zina.

zambiri

Nalo malo a nyama mu dongosolo organic dziko, mungathe:

• Ufumu - Cell;
• ufumu - Ziweto;
• Subkingdom - multicellular;
• kutayipa - thonje.

Today ife tikudziwa kuti pali za 8000 mitundu. 300 iwo padziko malo a nyanja m'dziko lathu.

Gawo

Thonje mtundu Chili nthumwi zonse kudziwidwa ndi makalasi yaikulu inayi.

1. Calcarea, kapena laimu. Kupanga mafupa akunja mu mtsogolo kashiamu salt.
2. Wamba kapena Kremnerogovye. Chief Woimilirako - badyaga.
3. Galasi (zisanu rayed). Maphunziro nambala yaing'ono.
4. Miyala - mitundu osauka kwambiri m'kalasi.

Onse a thonje awa ndi makhalidwe awo, osati kunja komanso dongosolo mkati, moyo ndi kufunika chuma moyo wa munthu.

kapangidwe kunja

Mwina zachilendo kwambiri makhalidwe onse a nyama zimenezi zidzakhala chabe maonekedwe akunja. Features ya kapangidwe kunja chinkhupule anafotokozedwa ndi imamera mosiyanasiyana thupi khalidwe la iwo. Choncho nthumwi za magulu osiyanasiyana akhoza kukhala mu mawonekedwe a:

• galasi;
• mbale;
• mtengo dongosolo.

chosokonekera thupi mu mawonekedwe a single - olamulira ochititsa kuti, a chitsamunda - losanganikirana. Munthu aliyense ali ndi wapadera mosabisa yekha, kudzera umene yomatidwa pansi kapena gawo lapansi wina. Thonje kawirikawiri immobile moyo.

Kumbali chapamwamba thupi pali dzenje wapadera wotchedwa "oskulyum". Ali kuchotsa madzi owonjezera kuchokera M'mimbamo mkati. Kunja kwa thupi aphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza maselo - pinakodermoy. Iwo amafanana mu dongosolo lawo zaminyewa minofu ya nyama apamwamba.

Komabe, palinso mbali chosiyana - pamaso pa pores lonse. Kapangidwe chinkhupule zimathandiza mayamwidwe particles chakudya kudzera kutsegula pamwamba si, womwe kudzera angapo ozama onse kukhomerera thupi kuti angathe kugwidwa ndi kukuza.

Pansi wosanjikiza lakunja imakonzedwa awiri kuganizira mwatsatanetsatane ina. The mtundu chiwembu cha mitundu osakwatira ndiponso atsamunda ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu. Pali mitundu otsatirawa a mtundu:

• imvi;
• wobiriwira;
• wofiirira;
• wachikasu;
• woyera;
• wofiira;
• zofiirira;
• losanganikirana.

Thonje Lembani enliven dziko m'madzi, kupanga nazo kwambiri wowala, zokongola ndi wokongola. Pankhaniyi, ngati ife amaona mosiyana anatengedwa munthu padziko dziko, zidzakhala wosakongola kwambiri: amatikumbutsa yaiwisi chiwindi brownish poterera mpira, kufalitsa si ndithu fungo lokoma.

Kapangidwe mkati mwa oimira

nyumba mitundu ya thonje ofanana, ngati mmodzi yekha kapena Ufumuyo njuchi. Nthawi yomweyo pansi wosanjikiza yakumapeto kwenikweni, polumikizirana maselo porous dermal ili makamaka intercellular mankhwala kupanga okwanira volumetric m'chimake. Izo mwachisawawa anakonza maselo, ndi mawonekedwe awo ndi osiyana. nsalu ndi pang'ono ngati mafuta mu nthaka apamwamba oimira. Kapangidwe limeneli limatchedwa "mezohil".

Pansi wosanjikiza imeneyi ili mwa M'mimbamo alimbane ndi maselo wapadera pafupi. Izi gastralnyj wosanjikiza. Onse chakudya pamenepo, ndipo apa pakubwera chimbudzi. zinyansi zonse pamodzi ndi madzi owonjezera anatumizidwa ku chapamwamba thupi orifice kudzapereka therethrough kunja.

Komanso, kapangidwe chinkhupule ndi kuyenera kuphatikizapo mtundu wa mafupa. Iwo aumbike kwa laimu, mankwala, organic salt, amene amapangidwa maselo apadera mezohila. Iwo osati amapereka nsagwada ena mawonekedwe thupi, komanso lili ndi tanthauzo kwa kuteteza mawotchi kuwonongeka mkati patsekeke.

Zochita za mtundu chinkhupule adzakhala chosakwanira, ngati osati chochitika chofunika tisonyezeni nyama - thupi lawo lili zimakhala, koma kokha za osiyana thupi ndi kapangidwe ka maselo, kupanga zigawo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chachikulu pakati pa nyama funso kwa ena onse.

Komanso chidwi ndi madzi mwankhanza dongosolo la anthu. magulu osiyanasiyana zingakhale wosiyana. Okwana pali zitatu za izo:

1. ASCON - onse kulankhulana ndi chilengedwe kunja kudutsa mu kachitidwe wa machubu mwa madzi chimachititsanso mu wapadera selo foni. Kwambiri chosavuta Aquifer System, lomwe likupezeka mu oimira ochepa kwambiri.
2. Seacon. A dongosolo patsogolo kwambiri chikukhudza zopezera nthambi tubules ndi ducts akuthamanga m'zipinda wapadera chipinda ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana.
3. Leykon - oskulyumov maukonde lonse, mtundu wa dongosolo aquifer ndi khalidwe chabe la mitundu ya atsamunda. Baibulo kwambiri zovuta kuzimvetsa cha chikhalidwe cha anthu m'mbuyomo.

Kubalana mu thonje amapezeka onse pogonana ndi asexually. maselo nyongolosi anapanga mu wosanjikiza mezohila. mankhwala ndiye akatulutsidwa mwa pores thupi ndi outwards kuchokera panopa madzi m'thupi kugwa nsagwada ena, pamene umuna zimachitika. Chifukwa ndi zygote, tingadzifunse larva. mwachangu akhoza amatchedwa maina osiyanasiyana: amfiblastuly, parenhimuly, tselloblastuly.

Ngati ife kulankhula za asexual kubereka, kuti zachokera ndondomeko ya budding, mwachitsanzo disconnecting ziwalo akutsatiridwa ndi kusinthika kwa nyumba ya chosowacho. Ambiri a mtundu wa thonje zikuphatikizapo nyama hermaphroditic.

Features moyo

Ngati tikulingalira a nyama zosiyanasiyana multicellular a dziko, ayenera zimachitika nsagwada za siteji kwambiri wosazindikira wa bungwe. Komabe, komanso nyama yakale kwambiri, padzakhala zaka masauzande ambiri zapitazo. Pa zamoyo wa kampani yawo, pang'ono zasintha iwo kusunga chikhalidwe chawo pa nthawi. Oimira chamoyo lili ndi mawonetseredwe awiri:

• limodzi;
• atsamunda.

Nthawi zambiri anapezeka matsango a nsagwada chachikulu pakati pa miyala ndi matanthwe. Pali mitundu onse madzi oyera (iwo ali ochepa) ndi anthu a m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja (kwa chiwerengero kwambiri, gulu mitundu).

Thonje mtundu zikuphatikizapo nyama kuti kudya zamoyo yaing'ono kapena mafupa awo. Mu dongosolo la matupi awo ndi wapadera kwa kolala selo ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Iwo basi akathyole yobwerera particles chakudya, akuwatsogolera m'chipinda chamkati paragastralnuyu thupi patsekeke. Chimbudzi ikuchitika intracellularly.

Mu njira yopanga thonje chakudya angatchedwe alenje chabe. Iwo kukhala pomwepo pa malo Ufumuyo pokonzekera inkayenda michere particles. Izo zinali kokha pamene iwo ali kale kwambiri, kudzawatenga iwo kudzera pores, adatuma pamodzi ndi madzi mkati thupi.

Ena mitundu ndi amasamukira, ngakhale kuti adakali ndi chimodzi chokha ubwenzi gawo lapansi ndi. Komabe, mlingo wawo ndi ochepa kwambiri moti lonse tsiku lapadera n'chapatali kupitirira apo mita.

A zosiyanasiyana thonje

Pakuti wosazindikira nyama zosiyanasiyana oimira chidwi kwambiri - Ndipotu pali 8000 mitundu! Ndipo monga ena kafukufuku, chithunzi ichi likuyandikira kale kuti 9 zikwi. Kunja zosiyanasiyana chifukwa kusiyana mawonekedwe thupi, mtundu ndi mtundu wa mafupa a mtundu thupi la anthu (kapena madera).

Maphunziro Glass thonje

chidwi kwambiri kunja thonje ake zosiyanasiyana galasi. Iwo sali choncho ambiri monga winayo, koma ndi mafupa zachilendo. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mitundu waukulu womwenso mtundu wa nsalu. makhalidwe General wa oimira kalasi lofotokozeredwa m'njira ndime zochepa.

1. The Latin dzina la kalasi - Hexactinellida.
2. mafupa The aumbike mankhwala pakachitsulo, choncho cholimba kwambiri.
3. The singano mtundu wobala thupi, lomwe likulamuliridwa ndi dongosolo zisanu ndi zisonga.
4. Mphutsi mtundu parenhimuly kapena tseloblastuly.
5. Aquifer System mtundu leykona.
6. Atsamunda zambiri kuposa mtundu umodzi.
7. Nthawi zina 50 cm mu msinkhu.

Oimira ambiri ali monga:

• hialonema Siebold;
• euplektella.

Maphunziro wamba kapena Kremnerogovye, thonje

Thonje mtundu chithunzi oimira amene angathe kuona nkhaniyi mulinso ochuluka kuposa chiwerengero cha anthu a kalasi - Kremnerogovye, kapena Common. Iwo nalo dzina lake kwa makamaka dongosolo chigoba - tichipeza silika ndi spongina. Kuuma ndithu wosakhwima ndi mosavuta anawonongedwa. Mawonekedwe a mafupa a masingano ndi yosiyanasiyana:

• sprocket;
• akazike;
• mace;
• masingano lakuthwa ndi zina zotero.

Ambiri madzi oyera nthumwi za madzi oyera chinkhupule - chinkhupule ntchito ngati chizindikiro cha chiyero cha thupi madzi. Kunja wosakongola, chekeni bulauni bulauni, nthawi zina zonyansa-chikasu. Ntchito ndi munthu zosiyanasiyana zofunika.

oimira Kodi zina amapezeka pakati thonje wamba?

1. Miksily.
2. Halichondriidae.
3. Baikal chinkhupule.
4. M'madzi maburashi.
5. Chimphona hondrokladiya ndi ena.

Maphunziro Mbali yokhala ngati siponji

Pamafunikanso oimira kolimbikira ndi wokongola Mbali yokhala ngati mafupa. Imapezeka m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja. Ochekenera ndi wotumbululuka kapena kwina. masingano chigoba akhoza kukhala pafupi atatu kunyezimira. oimira mfundoyi: Ascona, Seacon, leukandry.

Maphunziro chinkhupule Miyala

Best oimira ochepa tofanana nthambi matanthwe. Izi zimachitika chifukwa mapangidwe amphamvu Mbali yokhala ngati mafupa a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi dongosolo wokonzedwa.

Oimira geratoporella Nicholson, Merlot. Monga tafotokozeramu, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi nyama. Kwa nthawi yaitali iwo sanali amasiyana dongosolo la moti matanthwe, chotero iwo anapeza ndi posachedwapa.

Ntchito thonje munthu

mtengo zofunika zachuma anthu a mtundu wa nsalu. Oimira ntchito zosowa zotsatirazi:

1. Gulu unyolo chakudya, monga iwo chakudya cha nyama zambiri.
2. Ntchito ndi anthu kupanga zibangili wokongola thupi ndipo mkati mwa nyumbayo.
3. Muli zinthu kuwapangitsa ntchito yawo pa cholinga cha mankhwala (bodyaga ali kungolandira chinkhupule kufinya ndi chilonda kuwachiritsa).
4. Iwo ntchito kulenga thonje ukhondo - Natural mankhwala achilengedwe kwa makampani zodzoladzola.
5. Ntchito zomangamanga ndi zolinga zina.