Amene lagawidwa maatomu a mamolekyulu madzi? zochita chilinganizo mankhwala

Madzi - chikhalidwe chachikulu moyo padziko lapansi. dziko lapansili ndi zambiri kuposa kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili imakhala nyanja, nyanja, mitsinje ndi nyanja. Voliyumu ya madzi mu nyanja nthawi khumi voliyumu ya malo okwana dziko.

Land - Island mu nyanja

lathuli tinganene kuti nyanja imene lonselo Ndipotu yekha chilumba chachikulu, ndendende chifukwa cha izi, kuchokera Earth mpita wa dziko lapansi zikuoneka buluu wobiriwira, mtundu wa nyanja.

Aliyense wamoyo padziko lathuli unapangidwa madzi, mwachitsanzo modabwitsa izo limapangidwa 95% ndi thupi la munthu lili ndi 65% madzi. Kusowa kwa mankhwala okha 1% ya kulemera kwa thupi amachititsa Ndikumva ludzu. Ngati thupi limataya 10% chinyezi, zimenezi zingawachititse uwonongedwe. Pafupifupi onse zochita mankhwala kutenga malo mu sing'anga amadzimadzi. Evaporating madzi nthawi kutentha kwa okhala m'dziko. Ngati munthu thukuta, pambuyo maola ntchito mwakhama kutentha thupi lake adzauka kwa 46 ^° C

mphamvu madzi

Chilengedwe m'madzi likuyenda nthawi zonse: izo ukuphwera ku malo lotseguka, kupita ku mitambo, amagwa pansi monga mvula kapena chipale chofewa kenako mitsinje, mitsinje ndi mitsinje loyenda kunyanja. Chinyezi seeps mu nthaka, amatenga ndipo kachiwiri akubwera pamwamba, amene amadzaza madamu. Ambiri mwa madzi alipo monga nthunzi mu mlengalenga, mu boma olimba - mu mawonekedwe a zigawo zikuluzikulu wa chisanu ndi ayezi floes ku mapiri ndi ku zigawo kumalo ozizira. Pafupifupi makumi awiri a Madzi a mvula ntchito mwachindunji ndi zamoyo. madzi Natural si woyera kwathunthu, woyera ngati n'kotheka amati mvula, koma lili ndi zosafunika entrained mu mlengalenga.

chithunzi limasonyeza ena maatomu a molekyulu ndi zikuphatikizapo madzi ngati anagawa mwachibadwa.

Kapangidwe ka madzi

Amene lagawidwa maatomu a mamolekyulu madzi - tidziwe nthawi wophunzira aliyense.
Himogulobini aliyense wa nkhaniyi inamangidwa la atomu imodzi mpweya ndi maatomu wa hydrogen awiri. Mlatho wa zinthu zitatu, monga amayengeramo wina ndi mnzake. Pakati pa mpweya (mankhwala chizindikiro - G) pa mbali zonse za kuyang'anira awiri atomu wa hydrogen (H) - ndi maatomu amene amagawa madzi molekyulu.

Near mpweya atomu milandu zoipa anapanga, ndipo mozungulira maatomu wa hydrogen ndi - positive. Kudziwa zimene maatomu a molekyulu madzi linagawanika sayansi alinga kuti molekyulu ake - dipole. N'chifukwa onse katundu thupi. Mtunda pakati pa mtima wa maatomu O, H - za 0,1 nm, ndi pakati pa maatomu haidrojeni - za 0,15 nm.

Ndipotu, madzi - ndi okusayidi wa hydrogen, zosakaniza waukulu mu dziko. Mu 1783, wotchuka sayansi Lavoisier woyamba yotengedwa wa hydrogen madzi kuposa tikuonera zomwe maatomu anagawa madzi molekyulu (chilinganizo - H ₂ Inu). Choncho maselo ake kulemera - 18 g / mol, chomwe Muwerenge molekyulu alipo misa atomiki mpweya ndi wa hydrogen. Chilinganizo structural zikusonyezedwa imene madzi molekyulu ndi kugawanika maatomu.

madzi sayansi

Madzi ndi madzi amene alibe fungo, palibe kulawa, palibe mtundu, ndi katundu zotsatirazi:

• madzi kachulukidwe - 1 g / masentimita ^3;
• yozizira koopsa madigiri - ⁰ ° C (ayezi);
• digiri ya kuwira - 100 ^{° C} (nthunzi).

Amene lagawidwa maatomu a mamolekyulu madzi mu sayansi, angaonedwe pansipa.

Pa Reflux nsinga wa hydrogen osweka ndi madzi kwasanduka boma nthunzi. Pamene kutentha ndi adatchithisira 100 ^{° C} kwa 3,98 ^{° C} buku ake amachepetsa bwinobwino. Komabe, ndondomeko zimachitika n'zosiyana pa ndime zina za malire m'munsi. Part buku la madzi pa 3,98 ^{° C} ali misa woposa pa ⁰ ° C, chifukwa cha oundana ndipo anali pamwamba pake.

Komanso, madzi ali apamwamba padziko mavuto poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina zamadzimadzi, kupatulapo Mercury. Pansi padziko mamolekyulu madzi ndi kukopa wamphamvu kwa munthu wina. Koma mamolekyulu amenewa kukopa mamolekyulu mpweya pamwamba pawo, iwo azifunana yekha. Izi amalenga pamwamba mavuto zotsatira za filimu pa madzi.

Mundawu ntchito ndi zina tizilombo kuti akhoza kuyenda padziko popanda likumira. matupi awo ndi kuwala kwambiri, ndi nkhawa pamwamba salola kuti aphedwe m'madzi. Mapangidwe icicles likugwiritsidwanso chifukwa katundu uyu wa madzi ndi kukopa pakati mamolekyulu ake. Pamene madzi ndi n'kukhala nthunzi, wakuwonekera ndi gaseous, pamwamba mavuto kusiyiratu.

Chemical katundu wa madzi

Madzi - m'malo reactionary mankhwala. katundu mankhwala zimadalira zimene maatomu a molekyulu madzi linagawanika. Phula limaphwasuka kusandulika mu hydrogen ndi mpweya mchikakamizo cha magetsi. Zimene zimachitika zomwe yaima ndi oxidant, ndi wothandizila kuchepetsa. A molekyulu madzi ngati lalikulu kwambiri maginito atomiki ndi angathe kulankhula ndi pafupifupi zonse zimene zingagwedezeke chikugwirizana. Mu kanthu salt ake zimawonedwa hydrolysis kupereka electrolyte ofooka.

Madzi amachitira ndi oxides kwambiri. Wakwiya ndi zitsulo zambiri, monga sodium, potaziyamu ndi chitsulo pa Kutentha, ndi zamoyo wa hayidirojeni zimawonedwa:

2Na + 2H ₂ O = H ₂ + 2NaOH;
2K + 2H ₂ O = H ₂ + 2KOH;
3Fe + 4H ₂ O = 4H ₂ + Fe ₃ O _4.

Nonmetals si mwachangu monga zitsulo, koma olo ndi madzi pansi Kutentha amphamvu:

C + H ₂ O = H ₂ + NKHA;

CH ₄ + 2H ₂ O = 4H ₂ + NKHA _2.

Interacts ndi oxides ambiri sanali zitsulo. Pamene izi zimachitika zimene pawiri kupanga acid.
Akamagwira woyaka moto wa hayidirojeni mu mpweya kupanga nthunzi ya madzi:

2H ₂ + ₂ = 2H ₂ O,

ndipo anachita izi yomweyo pa ^kutentha 700 C.

Mfundo kuvunda mu madzi

Sing'anga amadzimadzi akhoza kuyimisa nchito zinthu zambiri, mayiko osiyanasiyana loitanirana. Iwo agawidwa mu mitundu zotsatirazi:

• sungunuka;
• bwino sungunuka;
• pafupifupi insoluble.

ndi mfundo ya kuvunda chiyani? Poganizira maatomu kumene madzi molekyulu amakhala wogawanika, mutha kufotokozanso ndi mphamvu yake kukopa mamolekyulu zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwa kuchita ndi ayoni mchere adzakopedwa kwa ayoni mlandu wa molekyulu madzi. Izi akumasula kapena zimatenga kutentha. Ayoni kusungunuka mankhwala madzi kusunga nambala inayake ya mamolekyulu madzi n'kupanga hydrate chipolopolo. The ayoni ali hydrated, ndi timibulu amenewa amatchedwa hydrates krustalo.

magwiridwe madzi

amadzimadzi mankhwala ntchito mu moyo wa nzika za dziko lathuli sitingalephere kukambapo, chifukwa moyo wonse, osati chifukwa, komanso nthawi zonse amakhala linakhalapo chifukwa cha nkhani imeneyi.

1. Kagayidwe. Madzi amachita monga zosungunulira kumalo ozizira, malo abwino kwa onse zikuchitika mu zochita zamoyo. Zinthu izi kusungunuka mmenemo, amatchedwa hydrophilic ndipo insoluble - hydrophobic.
2. Transport. Internal mamolekyulu selo nthawi zonse amayenda selo wina ndi mzake. Madzi ndi kulanda ofunika kwambiri pa chilengedwe mkati mwa chamoyo chilichonse.
3. Thermoregulation. Madzi wogawana kugawira kutentha ndi kuzizira, kusintha kutentha mthupi, monga kuchititsa nyama thukuta potero akamazizira thupi.
4. Mtengo kwachilengedwenso madzi kuti kumaphatikizapo zochita zambiri mankhwala.
5. Lopangidwa ntchito. chuma cha madzi Nkofunika kuti kuotcha kukhala mawonekedwe a ziwalo ndipo zimakhala.

The zachilendo katundu wa madzi

Palibe mankhwala mu dziko, kwaphindu kwambiri kuti zinthu zonse zamoyo kuposa madzi opanda. Checkered osalimba, mkulu kutentha mphamvu ndi mavuto mkulu padziko, mphamvu chifukwa chokumbukira - anomalous katundu zonse izi ndi zinthu monga madzi. Kuzipenya ndi zatsopano kutsimikizira kuti mankhwala amadzimadzi amatha kuyamwa katundu ndi zipangizo, zomwe kamodzi kusungunuka mmenemo, ndi kusunga katundu awa, ngakhale pambuyo kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa zinthuzi. Omangika pa mfundo yaikulu yakuti wa mankhwala ofooketsa tizilombo. Wina wosatsutsika ndi pa yomweyo zosamvetsetseka mfundo ku mawonedwe a sayansi - wapadera machiritso katundu wa madzi Epiphany munali mphamvu kwambiri. zinsinsi zonsezi koma kuthetsa asayansi panopa ndi m'tsogolo.