Leonid Khrushchev: biography ndi zithunzi

Ulamuliro wa Khrushchev (1953-1964) ndi nthawi yokhayokha m'mbiri ya Soviet yomwe anthu amakumbukira ndi mawu okoma. Wopambana wa nkhaniyi ndi mwana wa Leonid Khrushchev, yemwe mbiri yake akadakali mkangano pakati pa akatswiri a mbiriyakale omwe sanafike pa lingaliro lofanana.

Makolo

Izi zimadziwika kuti mnyamatayo anabadwira ku dera lamakono la Donbass - m'mudzi wa metallurgists Yuzovka, masiku atatu pambuyo pa October Revolution. Tsiku lobadwa - 10/11/1917. Iye anali mwana wamng'ono kwambiri wa Nikita Sergeyevich ndi Euphrosyne Ivanovna Khrushchev (nee Pisarev). 7.02.1914 m'mabuku a mpingo wa Nikolayev wa Bahmut Andzd (Rutchenkovskiy mine) pali mbiri ya kulembedwa kwawo kwaukwati. Musanayambe kumasulidwa kwa Nikita Sergeyevich panthaŵi yopuma pantchito, mgwirizano uwu udzakhala wokha wokha wolembedwa.

Efrosinya anali mmodzi mwa ana asanu a mwini nyumbayo, amene panthawiyo "anasokonezeka" Khrushchev. Leonid pafupifupi sanakumbukire bambo ake ali mwana. Mu 1918, anapita ku Civil War kwa a Bolsheviks, ndipo mkazi wake - m'chigawo cha Kursk, kwa makolo ake. Mu 1920, anamwalira ndi typhus, akusiya mwana wake wa Julia mu 1915. Ndipo mwana. Chithunzi cha mkazi chikhoza kuwonedwa mu nkhani ili pansipa. Kwa Nikita Sergeyevich, zinali zowawa kwambiri, zomwe adzachira pambuyo pa zaka 4 zokha, kupanga banja latsopano.

Ubwana

Anawo anakhala ndi agogo awo aamuna mpaka atate wawo atawatengera iwo. Ntchito yake ya phwando inapita mwamphamvu, ndipo mu 1931 Khrushchev anasamukira ku Moscow. Yulia, ndi mkazi wake watsopano, Nikita Sergeyevich, Nina Kukharchuk, anali ndi ubale wabwino, womwe sunganene za Leonid. Anakulira pafupi ndi msewu, akusiyidwa yekha. Atamaliza sukulu zisanu ndi ziwiri, adalowa mu FZU, ndipo ali ndi zaka 17 anayamba kugwira ntchito pamunda.

Leonid Khrushchev adasangalala kwambiri ndi amayi. Ali ndi zaka makumi awiri, adasiya kale anthu awiri, wina ali ndi mwana m'manja mwake. Onse awiri anali Ayuda. Ndi Rosalia Traivas, katswiri wa zisudzo, iye adasaina, koma bambo ake anachotseratu chilembetsero chake chaukwati. Esther Etinger, mwana wamkazi wa wokonza ndege, mu 1935 anabereka mwana wake Yuri, amene anakhala ndi moyo wonse dzina lake Leonid Khrushchev. Bambo chaka chatha adasankhidwa kukhala Mlembi Woyamba wa CIM, zomwe zinapatsa mwana wake mwayi watsopano.

"Achinyamata ali m'mwamba!"

Kupempha kwa Stalin kukwera ndege kunakhudza "achinyamata a golidi" a nthawi yake. Ana a anthu oyambirira anaphunzira mu VVA iwo. Zhukovsky. Iwo anali olemekezeka kwambiri, iwo anali ofanana. Ndi maphunziro ake, Leonid Khrushchev sakanakhoza kulandira Zhukovka, koma anapita ku sukulu ya oyendetsa ndege a Alonda for Peace (Balashov). Atamaliza maphunziro ake mu 1937, analembetsa ku sukuluyi, koma sanafike pa desiki. Mu 1939 adadzipereka yekha ku Red Army, akupitiriza maphunziro ake ku EVASH (sukulu yopanga ndege ya mzinda wa Engels).

Pa nkhondo ya Soviet ndi Finnish, iye anadzipereka kutsogolo, akuuluka pa mabomba a Ar-2. Mtsogoleri wa magulu a mphepo anafotokoza bwino lomwe za mlembi yemwe adagwira nawo ntchito pamabomba a Mannerheim Line.

Nthano imodzi - chikhulupiliro choyamba

Mu 1938, abambo ake (NS Khrushchev) anasamutsidwa ku Ukraine, kumene anapita ndi kuwonjezeka. Patapita chaka, Leonid anakwatira woyendetsa ndege wa Moscow Lyubov Sizykh, ndipo mu January 1940, mwana wamkazi wa Julia anabadwa. Mkaziyo anali ofanana ndi khalidwe la mwamuna wake: parachutist wanzeru, akuyendetsa bwino njinga yamoto. Iye, nayenso, anali wolimba mtima komanso wosasamala. Ndinatha kuwoloka zitsulo kuchokera ku banki imodzi ya Dnieper kupita ku ina. Mkaziyo anali atakhala kale ndi mwana, koma izi sizinaimitse Nikita Sergeyevich kuti avomere kusankha mwana wake.

Zinali m'zaka zimenezo, malinga ndi zomwe Sergo Beria anakumbukira, Leonid Khrushchev-mwana wa Nikita Khrushchev-amene anakumana ndi zigawenga. Gululo lija linkachita chiwembu ndipo linawululidwa kumapeto kwa nkhondo. Ambiri anawomberedwa, ndipo mwana wa Mlembi Woyamba wa Komiti Yaikulu ya Ukraine ya Communist Party akuti adalandira zaka khumi m'ndende. Motero anabadwa nthano yoyamba, yomwe siipeza umboni uliwonse wazinthu. Mu fayilo ya L. Khrushchev, yomwe imasungidwa m'masitolo a Ministry of Defense a Russian Federation (Podolsk), pachiyambi cha mbiri yakale, palibe kutchulidwa kovomerezeka kale.

Nkhondo Iyamba

Kuyambira tsiku loyamba la nkhondo, monga ena a "Kremlin lieutenants" - abale Mikoyan, Yakov Dzhugashvili, Timur Frunze, Vasily Stalin, mwana wa Nikita Sergeyevich amapita kutsogolo. Miyezi iwiri yoyambirira boma linkayenda popanda kuphimba, kutaya ambiri oyendetsa ndege. Ma aces Achijeremani, omwe adapititsa ndege ku Ulaya, adatsutsidwa ndi omaliza maphunziro a sukulu za dzulo, omwe poyamba ankakhala pansi.

Ena mwa iwo anali atazindikira Khrushchev opanda mantha. Leonid adagonjetsedwa mu 134th Air Regiment (46th Division), atangomaliza masabata 27 okha mu July. Atatsiriza ntchito yoononga mlatho kudutsa mtsinje wa Western Dvina, idaperekedwa ku mpikisano wolimbana. Pezani Order of the Red Banner kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo - inali yosavuta kwenikweni. Pa January 9, 1942, ndege yake inagwidwa n'kulowa m'gawo lolowerera ndale. Ophunzirawo anapulumutsidwa, koma woyendetsa ndegeyo anavulala kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kutsegulidwa kwatseguka, fupa linathyola mu boot, ndipo chipatala chinali kukonzekera opaleshoni kuti imange miyendo.

Kuchiza ku Kuibyshev

Kwa mnyamata, moyo wopanda kumwamba unali wosatheka. Akatswiri omwe akuona kuti akuwopsyeza madokotala, akumuuza kuti asiye kugwira ntchitoyo. Miyezi iwiri ine ndinagona pabedi, koma nyama yaing'ono inagonjetsa. Lameness chifukwa chakuti mwendo umodzi ndi waifupi kwambiri kuposa winayo, udzakhalabe naye kufikira mapeto a masiku. Woyendetsa ndegeyo anatumizidwa ku Kuibyshev, kumene zowoneka bwino za mankhwala zinachotsedwa. Kuno ankakhala ndi banja. Nikita Sergeyevich mwiniwake anabwera kuchokera kutsogolo kuti akachezere mwana wake wovulazidwa, kwa yemwe iye amamuchitira ndi wapadera chikondi.

Leonid Khrushchev anali m'chipinda chimodzi ndi Ruben Ibarruri. Ali kuchipatala anakumana ndi Stepan Mikoyan, yemwe adadzionera yekha nthawi yake ya Kuibyshev. Malingana ndi Mikoyan, oyendetsa ndege oyimilira nthawi zambiri ankamwa, anali mabwenzi ndi ovina a Bolshoi Theatre, atathamangitsidwa kumzinda. Kumapeto kwa kukonzanso kunasakanizidwa mu nkhani yoledzera ndi kutha kwachisokonezo.

Nthano ziwiri: chikhulupiliro chachiwiri

Pakati pa maphwando achinyamatawo adasewera masewera enieni a ma roulette achi Russia. Msilikali wa panyanja, amene anazindikira kuti Leonid Khrushchev anali kuwombera mwamphamvu, adamuuza kuti achoke pamsitomu n'kumuika botolo pamutu pake. Wobwombera adagunda khosi. Woyendetsa sitimayo sanakonde, ndipo anakakamiza woyendetsa ndege kuti abwereze kukopa kwake. Wachiwiri anawombera Khrushchev pamphumi, ndikupha msilikali. Stepan Mikoyan akufotokozera nkhaniyi kuchokera m'mawu a anthu ena, osati kudziwonera yekha zomwe zikuchitika. Mchimwene wake Rada Adzhubei ananenanso kuti mbale wake anali ndi nkhani yosautsa .

M'mabuku a otsutsa a NS Khrushchev (onsewa anawonekera pambuyo pa imfa yake), akuti Nikita Sergeyevich mwiniwake anapempha Stalin kuti amukhululukire mwana wake. Koma adatsutsidwa kwa zaka 8 ndi kulandira chilango patsogolo.

Kodi anali kapena sanali?

Palibe kufufuza kwazinthu zazinthu izi zinali zopambana. Palibe umboni wolemba. Ziphuphu zokhudzana ndi zochitikazo ndizosiyana kwambiri moti n'kosatheka kupeza mfundo iliyonse. Zochitika zonse zotsatila zimaphwanya lingaliro lopangitsa woyendetsa ndegeyo kulangidwa, chifukwa mu kugwa kwa 1942 samapita ku bwalo la chilango, koma kubwezeretsa, kubwereranso kwa woyendetsa ndege. Mu November, apitiliza kafukufukuyo poganizira za "zabwino", amalandila pansi pa lamulo lake kulumikizana ndi epaulettes wa mkulu wautetezi. Komanso, akubwera ku ankhondo ndi chida, chomwe, ngati adzalangidwa, akanatha kuchotsedwa.

Leonid Khrushchev, yemwe mbiri yake tsopano ndi phunziro la kuyandikira, anapitiriza kupambana mu 18th Air Air, atasamukira ku Yak-7 yosinthika. Mwachita, kuyendetsa ndege kuchokera ku chomera cha asilikali kupita kutsogolo. Akatswiri amanena kuti woyendetsa ndegeyo amafunika nthawi kuti adziwe zida zatsopano, ndipo sanakhale nazo pazaka za nkhondo.

Zomwe zinachitika pa March 11, 1943

Pali zambiri zomwe Khrushchev adasamutsira ku likulu la asilikali, koma anakana. Kumwamba kunali ntchito yake. Panthawi ya utumiki iye anapanga maulendo 172, koma 32 okha - pa omenyana (nkhondoyo inali maola 4 okha ndi 27 minutes). 11. 03. 1943 ndege ziwiri zinathawira ku Zhizdra kuti zizindikire asilikali. Mu awiriwo anali wingman. Kumalo a wogulitsa - Art. Lieutenant Zamorin, yemwe anakhala mboni yaikulu ya zochitika za nkhondo yapachiweniweni, kumene mwana wa mtsogoleri wapampikisanowo wotchuka sanayembekezere kubwerera.

Ankhondowo anakumana ndi a Fokkers anayi, omwe anaukira awiri awiri oyendetsa ndege. Mtsogoleri wa mgwirizanowu anabwerera kuchokera ku nkhondo yolimbana ndi womenya nkhondoyo. Chinsinsi cha imfa ya Leonid Khrushchev chikugwirizana ndi zochitika ziwiri: kusintha kwa I. Umboni wa Zamorin ndi kulephera kupeza malo otsala a ndege ya Yak-7 chifukwa cha kumunda kwa nthaka ndi kumenyana kwa mphepo pa dera la adani.

Umboni wa Ivan Zamorin

Lipoti loyambirira linalembedwa ndi Luteni wamkulu atapita ku likulu la regiment. Mmenemo iye adanena kuti: Kutsata "Fokker", kumasulidwa kuchokera ku ndege ya L. Khrushchev. Ndinawona momwe adalowera mumtsinje, akuthamangira pansi. Pambuyo pake azimayiwa adakonza zopeza zotsalira za ndege, zomwe sizinapambane. Choyamba, bambo anga anauzidwa kuti mwana wamwamuna wamkulu analibe. Patadutsa mwezi umodzi, usiku wa pa 12 April, Stalin mwiniwakeyo adalankhula zachisomo kwa mnzake, powona kuti panalibenso chiyembekezo. Mu June, bambo anga analandirira mwana wake Order of War Patriotic War, degree (posthumously).

M'zaka 80, mphekesera zinayamba kufalikira za momwe Leonid Khrushchev anafikira ku Germany. Ankaganiza kuti anakhalabe wamoyo ndipo anagwidwa, n'kukhala wopandukira. Ziphuphu zaonekera kale, choncho pambuyo pa kudzipatulira kwa Khrushchev , kufufuza kunayambika ku imfa ya woyendetsa ndege (wofufuza za Tokarev SI), pomwe palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti wapandukira. Koma Zamorin anasintha umboni wake, nanena kuti kapoloyu adamupulumutsa mwa kuponyera Yak-7 kuti asamenyane ndi Fokker. Ndegeyi inasokonekera mlengalenga. Atafotokoza lipoti lake lapitayi: lamulo la regiment linali loopa udindo wosapulumutsa mwana wa mkulu wa akuluakulu, choncho anasankha kumuwonetsa ngati akusowa.

Kusakhulupirika

Mtolankhani wa asilikali I. Stadnyuk, akatswiri a mbiri yakale G. Kumanyov, N. Dobriukha, wolemba mabuku F. Chuev ndi ena akutsatira Baibulo limene Leonid Khrushchev anawomberedwa. Iwo amanena kuti N. Khrushchev anawononga zikalata za mwana wake panthawi ya ulamuliro wake. Ponena za umboni wa akuluakulu a NKVD (V. Udilov), mwana wa Molotov, mwana wa Beria, akufotokoza chithunzicho ngati woyendetsa ndege amatha kugwira ntchito, atagonjetsedwa ndi adani. Kumeneko anayamba kupereka umboni umene unalepheretsa chitetezo cha dzikoli. Stalin adalamula gulu lapadera la SMERSH kuti amubwereke. Ntchitoyi inapambana, ndipo mwana wa Khrushchev anamutengera ku Moscow.

Bambo anapempha chikhululukiro pamagolo ake, koma Stalin adadalira chigamulo cha mamembala a Politburo, amene adamupha kuti aphedwe. Izo zinachitika. Izi zikufotokoza kudana kwa NS Khrushchev kwa mamembala a Komiti Yaikulu: Beria akuwomberedwa, dera la Shcherbakovsky la Moscow limatchulidwanso, ndipo Kaganovich, Molotov ndi Malenkov akutumizidwa ku ukapolo. Umboni wosatsimikizirika wa mavesiwo ukhoza kukhala kumangidwa kwa Lubov Sizyh mu 1943 ndikumuperekeza kumisasa kuti akadzatetezedwe. Pambuyo pake zinachitika kuti zochitika ziwirizi sizigwirizana ndi wina ndi mnzake.

Nkhani yoyamba

Wodalirika, wotsalira ndi wokondwa, mwana wazaka 25 adagonjetsedwa ndi mkangano pakati pa Nikita Khrushchev, mlembi wamkulu wa "thaw" wa zaka za m'ma 1960, ndi akuluakulu a NKVD omwe adachita zonse kuti asatchule dzina la yemwe anali Mlembi Woyamba wa CPSU Central Committee. Kujambula chifaniziro cha Yakov Dzhugashvili, amene anagwidwa ukapolo kwa Ajeremani, atatha kugwidwa ndi mwana wa mkulu wandale, zomwe a fascists anachita: zofalitsa za propaganda, maadiresi a wailesi, mafilimu onse, anali kuyembekezera. Koma palibe magwero ochokera kumbali ya Germany, kutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa woyendetsa ndegeyo.

Palinso nkhani zomwe zinapha Leonid Khrushchev. Kuphedwa kwake kukufotokozedwa mwanjira zosiyanasiyana ndi "mboni zoona," pamene antchito a Metrostroi anapeza zidutswa za ndege za Yak-7, mwa nambala yomwe ikugwirizana ndi wolimbana ndi Art. Lieutenant. Deta zokhudzana ndi izi zasungidwa mu zolemba za Podolsk. Pa manda a communal a mzinda wa Zhizdra dzina la Khrushchev amatchulidwa, zomwe zimapereka zifukwa zokambirana za kuikidwa mmanda mmalo mwa imfa.

Afterword

Kuperekedwa kwa woyendetsa ndege wamng'ono sikunakhulupirire ndi achibale ake ndi iwo amene amudziwa. Mwana wa Yuri ndi mdzukulu wake Nina adayesa kutsutsa kwaufulu kwa chidziwitso choperekedwa m'mabuku ambiri popanda kutchula zikalata zilizonse. Lamulo lachindunji, amzawo okamenyana, kuphatikizapo ndege Yak-7, amapereka makhalidwe abwino kwambiri kwa woyendetsa ndege: Leonid Nikitovich Khrushchev anali munthu wolimba mtima komanso wopanda mantha. Anali wokonzeka kumenya nkhondo, osati kubisala kumbuyo kwa abwenzi ake, ndi lipoti la I. Zamorin ndi chitsimikizo choonjezera cha izi. Mbiri ya msilikali ndi yofunika kwambiri kuposa kufunafuna zinthu zosavuta. Kuchita kafukufuku wowonjezera ndi nkhani ya ulemu kwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale omwe ayenera kuika mfundo yomalizira pofalitsa malingaliro ndi mphekesera.