Kodi cholakwika cha zilembo zakale kwambiri ndi chiyani? Kuwonekera kwa kulembera ndi alphabets yakale kwambiri

Mbiri ya chiyambi cha kulemba imabwerera ku dongosolo loyambirira la communal. Nthawi imeneyo anthu anayamba kukonza luso lofalitsa mauthenga osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito zithunzi. Pambuyo pake munthuyu anabwera ku zosavuta za kufotokoza malingaliro pa kalatayi monga mawonekedwe a phokoso, zomwe zinatanthauzira zilembo. Kotero zilembo za kale zinayambira. Kodi ndikuti ndi liti mawu oyamba olembedwa? Kodi cholakwika cha kalembedwe kake ndi chiyani chinachitika bwanji? Tiyeni tiyesere kuzilingalira ...

Cuneiform ya ku Sumeriya

Malinga ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale, dongosolo loyamba la zilembo, linayambira zaka zisanu ndi theka zapitazo m'madera akumidzi a ku Sumeriya - anthu okhala pakati pa mitsinje Tigris ndi Firate. Njira yolembera, yotchedwa "cuneiform", inali kutulutsa zizindikiro pamwala wamakona kuchokera ku dothi lonyowa ndi ndodo yowongoka yomwe inkangokhala pambali yaying'ono. Komanso, matalalawo anaphwa padzuwa kapena kuwotchedwa mu uvuni.

Pogwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro zolembera, anthu a ku Sumeri ankatanthauzira tanthawuzo la malingaliro mwa mawonekedwe olembedwera. Kuonjezera apo, iwo adali ndi zizindikiro zazinthu zina ("kuwala", "nthawi"). Chiwerengerocho chinali ndi zilembo zoposa ziwiri zikalata. Komabe, kutanthauzira tanthauzo la malingaliro ovuta, iwo anali ochepa, kotero a ku Sumeriya adayambitsa mfundo za foni. Chizindikiro chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi phokoso lina chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kutanthauzira chinthu china mwakumveka. Mfundo imeneyi yakhala maziko a kulemba kwa masiku athu.

Kalata yodziwika bwino ya ku Iguputo

Kulemba ku Igupto kunayambira mu Zakachikwi zachinayi BC. Poyamba, zolemba zinapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi mafano ovomerezeka - zilembo zakale zowonekera kale.

Kalata yakale ya ku Igupto inagwirizanitsa mitundu ingapo:

• Zojambulajambula - zolemba zakale kwambiri za Aiguputo. Ankagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi, kapena pictograms; Kotero, makamaka malemba achipembedzo amapangidwa;
• Hieratic - yosavuta kulembera malemba. Zinali ngati "zowonongeka", zogwiritsira ntchito zikalata zalamulo ndi bizinesi;
• Zowonongeka - njira yowonjezera ndi yabwino ya bizinesi cursive, yomwe majiji ake amakumbutsa pang'ono zolemba zakale zapitazo.

Komabe, nthawi zonse zolembera za ku Aiguputo, panali chizoloŵezi chomwe chizindikiro chimodzi chokha chingatanthauze lingaliro lonse, syllable, ndi phokoso losiyana. Kuonjezera apo, panalibe zida zapadera - zizindikiro, kutumikila kuzinthu zowonjezera za chikhalidwe cha fano linalake.

Pothandizidwa ndi malemba, monga lamulo, zolembera zazikulu pa miyala zinali zojambula. Zikondwerero ndi zolemba zapamwamba zinapanga zolemba pa mapepala a papayidi mothandizidwa ndi inki.

Phenicia kapena Seir: ndani amene anayamba kupanga zilembozo?

Kupindula kwakukulu pakukula kwa kulembera kunali kupangidwa kwa zilembo zoyambirira. Malingana ndi lingaliro lopambana, opanga awo anali Afoinike. Kuti akhale ndi mwayi wochita malonda ndi anthu omwe amalankhula zinenero zosiyana, nthawi yoyamba m'zaka za zana la 11 ndi 1000 BC adagwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la alphanumeric kuti alembe mfundo.

Komabe, pali kachiwiri komwe kunachokera malemba ofotokoza. Cholinga chake chikupezeka kuti ndi anthu a Seir - dera lachipululu, lomwe lili kum'mwera kwa Nyanja Yakufa. Zimadziwika kuti anthu a ku Seiri ankadziwa bwino chinenero chawo. Ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma 1900 BC, Aiguputo, omwe adakwera ulendo wopita ku Peninsula ya Sinai, adawalembera kuonjezera chiwerengero cha asilikali awo. Zimakhulupirira kuti zolembedwa ndi oyang'aniridwa ndi Seyr Oyang'anira ndi Titmakers ndi kugonjera kwa Aigupto mwa mawonekedwe a malipoti, potsirizira pake zinatsogolera kuwonekera kwa zilembo. Otsatira chiphunzitso ichi amanena kuti zolemba zakale kwambiri mothandizidwa ndi zilembo zinapangidwa ndi anthu a Seir.

Makalata a ku Foinike. Kodi cholakwika cha kalembedwe kazithunzi ndi chiyani?

Zilembo za Afoinike zikuphatikizapo makalata makumi awiri ndi awiri. Zizindikiro zina zidakongoleredwa ku machitidwe olembedwa kale: Aigupto, Aretri, Ababulo. Makalata onse a zilembo zakale anayimiridwa mwa mawonekedwe a ndondomeko ya chinthucho, dzina limene linayamba ndi phokoso lofanana ndi kalata iyi. Panali mfundo yolembera kalatayi ya kalata iliyonse, kutchulidwa kwake ndi dzina lake. Zimadziwika kuti Afoinike analemba kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere.

Kodi cholakwika cha zilembo zakale kwambiri ndi chiyani? Choyamba, pofotokoza kuti ndi ma consonants okha ndi mawu omveka. Zikumbumtima zinangobwera polemba.

Pambuyo pake, zilembo zakale za Foinike zinakhala maziko omwe machitidwe ena onse osiyana siyana adayambira, kuphatikizapo m'mayiko a ku Ulaya.

Chi Greek ndi chimodzi mwa zakale kwambiri zolembedwa zinenero

Chiyambi cha chitukuko cha alfabeti zonse za Kumadzulo chinali kulemba kwa Agiriki akale. Pofika m'chaka cha 403 BC, iwo anapanga dongosolo lolemba, lotchedwa "kalata ya Ionic." Mu chilembo cha Chigriki apo panali poyamba makalata makumi awiri ndi anayi. Zolemba zoyamba zomwe akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anazitulukira m'chinenerochi anajambula mwala kapena zojambula pa zinthu za ceramic.

Kodi cholakwika ndi chilembo chakale kwambiri cha Agiriki? Zolemba zoyambirira zomwe zinatifikira zimakhala ndi makalata okhala ndi maonekedwe okhwima a majimu ndi mtunda woyenerera pakati pa mizere ndi makalata.

Malemba atsopano, omwe kale amalembedwa pamanja, amadziwika ndi makalata ochuluka, komanso ndi mawu ofanana. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mu kulemba kwachi Greek, panali mitundu iwiri ya makalata - ochuluka ndi apansi.

Pambuyo pake chilembo cha Chigriki chinakongoletsedwa ndi Aroma. Makalata ake ambiri omwe adawasiya sanasinthe ndipo anawonjezera angapo. Masiku ano zilembo za Chiroma (Chilatini) zimagawidwa kwambiri, zasintha pang'ono panthawiyi.