Kumenyana Hammer - zida zapakati pazaka zapakati. Kufotokozera

Nyundo ya nkhondoyi imatchula mitundu yambiri yamitengo yachitsulo yoziziritsa kukhosi, imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kumenyana pafupi. Linayambitsidwa koyamba m'badwo wa Neolithic. Nyundo ndi chida chamagwiritsidwe ntchito, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomangirira ndi m'nkhondo. Pachifukwa chachiwiri, zimatha kuyambitsa kupweteka ndi kupweteka kwa adani.

Zambiri zadzidzidzi

Monga tanenera poyamba, nyundo inapezeka mu Neolithic. Poyamba, anali ndi pommel wa miyala. Nthaŵi zambiri ankakhala ngati mdani mumwala kapena mwambo wa nkhondo. M'kupita kwanthawi, chida ichi chowombera chinapangidwira, ndipo m'zaka zamkatikati zapitazi zitsulo zamkuwa zowononga, zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kale, zinali zitagwiritsidwa ntchito kale. Iwo anali ngati mace, omwe sanamve chete koma zida zowonongeka zinagunda.

Mtsogoleri wotchuka kwambiri wa chida ichi ndi Mjöllnir - nyundo yopeka ya mulungu wa mkuntho ndi Bingu la Bingu. Anakhala chizindikiro chachipembedzo, chiwonetsero cha chiwonetsero ndi chikumbu cha anthu onse a ku Scandinavia. Komabe, mpaka m'zaka za zana la chisanu ndi chimodzi. Zida izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Ajeremani okha.

Kufalitsa

Nyundo yalandira ntchito yaikulu kwambiri kuchokera kwa amuna okwera pamahatchi, kuyambira m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Kufalikira kwake mofulumira kunathandizidwa ndi mawonekedwe odalirika a zida ndi zida zankhondo. Kulimbana ndi malupanga awo, mabala, zida ndi zida zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawiyi pofuna kuthetsa nkhondo yapachibale sizikanatha kupirira. Zonsezi zinali zosatheka. Ndichifukwa chake mitundu yonse yatsopano ya nyundo yofanana ya nkhondo inayamba kuwonekera. Kwa mitundu yake ndi chida chilichonse chamtengo wapatali, chomwe chimangooneka ngati nyundo, ndipo kumbali ina ikhoza kuoneka ngati tsamba lakuthwa kapena laling'ono, lamtsempha, lokhazikika, ndi zina zotero.

Dzina lomwe "hammer" limatanthauza kupezeka kwa chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zili pamwamba pa mutu wa nkhondo. Chida chimakhala ndi dzina limeneli ngakhale nyundo yomwe ilibe. Kawirikawiri inali nyundo yomwe inali ndipamwamba komanso kuwonjezera pa timipikisano ting'onoting'ono, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala pambali pambali ya mphuno kapena kumbali yake. Mitsinje ikhoza kuponyedwa ndi mbale pa zida kapena kuchotsa makalata. Nyundoyo inkagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti igule mdani kapena kupundula zida zake.

Lucernhammer

Ichi ndi mtundu wa zitsulo ozizira, zomwe zinawonekera ku Switzerland kumapeto kwa zaka za XV. Anapangidwa ndi azimayi ochokera m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Chida ichi cha m'zaka zapitazi chinali mtengo wokhala ndi kutalika kwa mamita 2, pamapeto pake omwe anali ndi nkhondo yofanana ndi nsonga yachitsulo, ndipo pansi pake - nyundo. Kawirikawiri zinapangidwa awiri. Zomwe zinachititsa kuti nyundo izigwiritsidwe ntchito, zinapangidwira mdani. Chifukwa cha udindo wake, tinganene kuti zinali zogwirizana ndi zida zowopsya.

Amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha kuyambika kwa nyundo ya Lucerne ndizochitika zankhondo pakati pa a Swiss infantry ndi asilikali okwera pamahatchi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti okwerawo anali ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe halberds zachikhalidwe zinkasonyeza kuti ziribe mphamvu, chifukwa sakanakhoza kuloŵa mu chipolopolo chachitsulo cha wokwerapo. Panthawiyo kunali kofunikira zankhondo zatsopano, zomwe zingakhale zophweka kuthetsa zida zankhondo. Ponena za nsonga zapamwamba, izi zathandiza anyamatawa kuti aziwonetsa bwino zankhondo za adani awo. Nyundo ya Lucerne inakhala yabwino kwambiri moti patapita nthawi inatha kuthetsa halberds.

Zida zochepa

Nyundo zofanana, zomwe zingwe zautali sizinapitilire 80 cm, zinawonekera ku Ulaya m'zaka za zana la khumi. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha kumenyana ndi manja ndipo nthawi zambiri amanyamula zida. Koma kulikonse kumene zida zoterozo zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabwalo okwera pamahatchi patatha zaka mazana asanu ndi awiri. Zitsulo zazing'ono za kummawa ndi ku Ulaya zinkakhala zopangidwa ndi chitsulo ndipo zimapatsidwa ntchito yapadera yogwira ndi dzanja limodzi kapena awiri.

Nyundo ya nkhondo yochokera kumbali ina ya mlomoyo ikhoza kukhala ndi zinthu zosiyana kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, zojambula, zowonongeka, zosalala, pyramidal, zokongoletsedwa ndi monogram kapena chiwerengero china. Zomalizira ziwirizo zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zilembedwe pa zida kapena thupi la mdani.

Nyundo zamatabwa

M'zaka za m'ma XIV. Chida ichi chakhala chotchuka kwambiri. Inali ndichitali chotalika mamita 2 ndikuoneka ngati halberd. Kusiyana kokha kunali kuti nkhondo ya nyundo inali yolimba, koma inasonkhana kuchokera ku zinthu zingapo zosiyana. Kuonjezera apo, pafupifupi nthawi zonse ankakhala ndi mkondo kapena nthungo kumapeto. Ndikoyenera kudziwa komanso kuti zida zapakati pa nthawiyi sizimakhala ndi mlomo pambali pa nyundo. M'malo mwake, nkhwangwa nthawi zina imagwiriridwa, yomwe ingakhale yaing'ono kapena yochititsa chidwi momwe zingathere. Chida chodabwitsa choterechi chimatchedwa polax.

Mbali yogwira ntchito ya nyundo mu chida chamanja chamtundu wankhondo inali yosiyana: yosalala, ndi mano ang'onoang'ono, kukhala ndi timapepala tating'ono kapena zingapo komanso ngakhale kulembetsa. Panalinso zida zosiyana siyana, kumene mutu wa nkhondo unali ndi nyundo zokhazokha, zitsulo zamtundu wanji kapena zam'mwamba, ndipo kuchokera pamwamba zinatha ndi nsonga yosasintha. Zida zomwe zimakhala ndi mtunda wautali zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kumapazi kuti amenyane ndi adani okwera pamahatchi. Nthawi zina ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi amishonala pamene anathawa.

Zida zogwirizana

Zitsanzo zake zoyamba zinayamba m'zaka za zana la 16. Ndipo anali osiyanasiyana osiyana, koma onse anali ndi chizoloŵezi chofanana - iwo ankayenera kuti azipezeka ndi awo kapena zinthu zina zomwe zimakhala mu nyundo za nkhondo. Zophweka za iwo zinali ndi malonda, mkati mwawo anaikidwa lupanga. Mabala oterewa nthawi zambiri anali ndi zowonjezereka mwa mawonekedwe a zitsulo - zothandizira zapadera zogwiritsira ntchito zida.

Zida zoterezi, monga zozizira, zinali zovuta kwambiri. Kuwonjezera pa nyundo ndi nkhwangwa ndi benders, iyenso anali okonzeka ndi masamba aakulu mpaka mamita limodzi ndi hafu m'litali. Iwo amatha kutulutsidwa kunja kapena kuwombera kuchokera pamwamba pa chogwirira. Panalinso ziphuphu, zomwe zimaphatikizapo nyundo ndi mabasiketi kapena mfuti.

Kum'mawa kwakummawa

Klevtsy yokhala ndi zipilala zazifupi sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito kokha m'magulu a ku Ulaya, komanso kummawa. Mwachitsanzo, ku India chida chofanana ndi nkhondo chimatchedwa antchito a fakir kapena gulu la asilikali, ku Afghanistan ndi Pakistan - lohar, ku Persia - tabar. Chida ichi chinali chofanana kwambiri ndi chimodzi cha ku Ulaya, chifukwa chinali ndi nyundo yofanana yogawa magawo anayi. Komanso ku lucernhammer.

Tiyenera kunena kuti anthu omwe ankakhala kummawa ankakhala kutali kwambiri kuposa ku Ulaya, monga momwe ankafunira, magulu ankhondo komanso anthu osauka. Odziwika kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dera la Indo-Persian ndipo ngakhale anali ndi dzina lomwelo - "Mphungu". Kodi ku India ndi kuphatikiza zida. Zinali zofanananso ku China ndi ku Japan.

Obu

Pambuyo polimbana ndi ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito nyambo, dziko la Poland linayamba kupereka malamulo apadera omwe amaletsa anthu osauka kuti awaveke ngakhale atakhala ndi ndodo komanso antchito. Mmalo mwa iwo, nyundo ina inawoneka - nsapato kapena boot. Zitha kuzindikiridwa mosavuta ndi zitsulo zachitsulo, siliva kapena zamkuwa, ndi ziphuphu zowonongeka kwambiri kumbali ya chingwe, nthawi zambiri atakulungidwa mu mphete. Panalinso zojambula zoterezi, zomwe nsonga zakuthwa zokha zinkagunda kapena zinali zokopa zachilendo. Kuwonjezera apo, mapeto osiyana a chogwiritsira ntchito, mpaka mamita 1 kutalika, ankamangidwanso mumtsinje .

Monga tikudziwira, nsapatoyo idali yoyenera kutetezera, komano zinaonekeratu kuti chida ichi chinali choipa kuposa bender. Ngati kale, polimbana ndi adani, sabata ikanadula nkhope, mutu kapena dzanja, ndipo mwazi wokhetsedwa mwa njira ina unachititsa kuti zida zankhondo zikhazikike. Tsopano, pamene munthu anakantha magazi, iye sakanakhoza kuwonedwa. Choncho, wovutayo sakanatha kuganiza mofulumira ndikumenyana mobwerezabwereza, pomwe panthawi imodzimodziyo amamupweteka. Ndiyenera kunena kuti akuluakulu apolisi a ku Poland amene anatenga chida ichi sankamvera chisoni anthu awo, ndipo nthawi zambiri ankawalanga ndi kumenyedwa, ndipo nthawi zina anaphedwa.

Kutumizidwa kwa malo

Patapita nthawi, nyundo (zida za ku Middle Ages) zinatchuka kwambiri, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zizindikiro za magulu osiyanasiyana a usilikali. Kotero izo zinali ku Italy, Germany ndi mayiko ena a ku Ulaya. Chitsanzo chawo chinatsatiridwa ndi achifwamba ndi azimayi a Cossack. Kawirikawiri, ziphuphu zowonongeka zinayikidwa m'manja mwa chida ichi.