Makampani kunja Europe ndi zochititsa

Pakuti Europe monga kumayiko ena kunja kwa CIS. Gawo lawo ndi oposa 5 miliyoni makilomita lalikulu ndi kunyumba kwa anthu pafupifupi mazana asanu miliyoni. Ponena za Europe yachilendo, tikutanthauza za makumi mwayekha limati, zokhudzana osati tsoka mbiri, komanso kwambiri pafupi zachuma, zandale ndi chikhalidwe ulusi.

Europe mayiko ndi imodzi mwa madera aakulu a chitukuko anthu. Ndi malo agglomerates m'tauni, lalikulu atulukira Hrs, komanso kwambiri mafakitale zisinthe. Ndipo ngakhale kuti nthawi ya "Eurocentrism" m'mbuyomu, Europe lachilendo kumafuna malo ofunika osati ndale za dziko, komanso chuma chake.

chuma

Kuphunzira kunja Europe makampani (11 kalasi - nthawi pamene nkhaniyo tikunena sukulu), timaona ngati dera lonse. Pa nthawi yomweyo, malinga ndi akatswiri, dziko ili m'gawo lake, tithe yoyamba padziko lonse m'madera a ulimi mafakitale. Musati muphonye m'maderawa kutsogolera malo pa katundu wa ntchito ndi katundu pa m'matangadza kuwombola ndi golide, komanso chitukuko musiyane zokopa alendo padziko lonse.

Mphamvu chuma Europe yachilendo lagona mu mayiko anayi a "Big asanu ndi awiri". Mu mndandanda awo a France ndi Germany, Italy ndi England. Ndi limati awa ndi uthunthu linafalitsidwa kwambiri za mafakitale osiyana ndi Boma. Komabe, muyezo wa mphamvu pakati pa maiko anayi kutsogolera amaloŵamo kusintha zina. Choncho, m'zaka zapitazi udindo wa mtsogoleri wa Germany anapambana. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa. Pambuyo pa zonsezi chuma dziko akukulira pompopompo kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo kutchuka kwake "msonkhano wa dziko" wataya United Kingdom.

mayiko ena kunja Europe, amene chuma ali Chofunika kwambiri chuma, ndi Switzerland ndi Spain, Belgium, Netherlands ndi Sweden. M'mayikowa, koma mafakitale ochepa amakonzedwa, amene ovomerezeka lonse.

A malo apadera dera limene mukukhala mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Mu iwo, popeza Mipingo mochedwa, ndi kusintha yogwira zinachitika kuyambira mapulani chapakati ndi umwini pagulu wa njanji ubale msika.

chitukuko makampani

Maziko a zachuma ku Europe ndi makampani akunja. Iyo imayimba otsogolera, ngakhale kuti m'mayiko ambiri gawo la mikango ya chuma cha makampani ulimi ndi ntchito. Makampani kunja ku Ulaya kwa zaka zambiri, ndi mtundu wa munthu.

Features

chitukuko anthu ndi zochitika m'mbiri kapena kalekale kusandulika msika dziko. Iwo lasinthidwa ndi chitsanzo cha makampani kunja mu Europe. Choncho, ngati pamaso 2 nkhondo World, dera anali wotchuka ndi mankhwala okwera mtengo wapadera pambuyo kuchotsa ntchito lankhondo la ogwira ntchito ake reoriented zosowa za misa msika.

The gawo lalikulu la mankhwala sayansi-tima ndi lodabwitsa anabwera ku United States. makampani European kunja wakhala wotchuka chifukwa makina ndi galimoto, zamagetsi ndi zida ndondomeko. Dera anayamba kutulutsa katundu misa.

A azimuth ofanana sanasinthe mpaka mapeto a makumi asanu ndi awiri a. Nthawi imeneyi, makampani akunja mu Europe wafunsira mtundu wa Chigawo cha ntchito pakati pa mayiko a m'dera. Motero, mayiko Mediterranean anapitiriza kumasula a katundu osiyanasiyana makasitomala. Pa nthawi iyi mu England, France ndi Germany zikukangalika kukhala ndi kupanga ndege ndi sitima. Zonsezi kuchepetsa kusiyana ndi US m'chigawochi.

Taganizirani nthambi zikuluzikulu za makampani zakunja ku Ulaya, ndi kulemera kwa pa mphindi.

zomangamanga

Ngati mwapemphedwa: "Nenani nthambi zikuluzikulu za makampani lina ku Ulaya," m'pofunika kuganizira zochita, amene amagwiritsa ntchito maperesenti oposa makumi atatu a anthu a ku Caucasus. Ndi injini, kupereka mmodzi wa ranges mankhwala linafalitsidwa kwambiri mu dziko.

Izi nthambi yaikulu makampani akunja mu Europe ukufanizidwa pafupifupi maiko onse a m'deralo. Komabe, anapatsidwa kuchuluka kwa mlingo wa chitukuko m'mayiko munthu ali osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pali gulu lina la atsogoleri Europe. M'mayikowa, pali pafupifupi lonse osiyanasiyana mafakitale, ntchito yomwe osati amakwaniritsa zosowa zoweta dera, komanso amalola kutumiza katundu kwa katundu.

Pali ku Ulaya ndi m'mayiko ena ndi mmodzi kapena angapo m'madera kwambiri anayamba kupanga zomangamanga. Pankhaniyi, kufunika mitundu ina ya mankhwala anakumana ndi imports.

atsogoleri gulu makamaka monga Germany ndi Britain, ndipo Pamlingo wamng'ono, kuphatikizapo France ndi Italy. malo amodzi kapena ambiri mwa makampani zomangamanga ndi kupezeka mu Netherlands ndi Belgium, Sweden ndi Switzerland.

Kaperekedwe makampani a ku Ulaya yachilendo sitingalephere bwanji ndi mayiko monga Denmark ndi Austria, Finland ndi Norway. Limati awa, makina liri lolefuka. Komabe, iwo ali amodzi kapena awiri mafakitale, zomwe apeza kuzindikira mu dziko msika. Mwachitsanzo, Finland anatchuka chifukwa zamkati ndi pepala ake zida, Norway - shipbuilding, etc ...

Makampani ambiri zomangamanga kumayiko ena a ku Ulaya umabala pafupifupi twente-faifi peresenti ya kupanga dziko la gawo lino. A m'mayiko dera abwera nsalu, magetsi, zipangizo zamakono, kuyeza ndi zipangizo sayansi, magalimoto ndi magalimoto, komanso mathirakitala.

Amene umabala izo?

The mafakitale ambiri anayamba kunja Europe makampani magalimoto. Mu Germany, ntchito nkhawa bwinobwino monga "Daimler", "galimoto", "Mercedes" ndi BMW. Ku France kubwera mtundu magalimoto "Peugeot-Citroen" ndi "Reno." Italy anatchuka chifukwa chake "Fiat".

Mu Germany, Netherlands ndi UK ndi shipbuilding kwambiri kuyambira. Padziko lonse makampani monga "Bosch" ndi "Philips", "Moulinex" ndi "Tefal" odziwika. kupanga yaikulu amasulidwe mafoni, makompyuta ndi zipangizo banja zimamangidwa ku Germany, France ndi Netherlands. Mu Switzerland, ikuchitika apamwamba akungoyang'ana kumasulidwa.

Engineering makampani kunja mu Europe kwenikweni chimakamba za zida anthu. Komanso kukula kwa nthambi zikuluzikulu za makampani kumathandiza m'munsi sayansi dera ndi mkulu mlingo wa zomangamanga ake.

makampani mankhwala

Izi ndi wachiwiri kukula makampani vanguard m'chigawochi. Mankhwala makampani kunja mu Europe, komanso luso lopanga, mu theka lachiwiri la atumwi wotsiriza anayamba mofulumira kwambiri. Ndipo kunali mmene kudera lonse.

N'zochititsa chidwi makampani mankhwala ali katswiri gwero atsopano a zipangizo. Iye kugwiritsa mafuta ndi intermediates ake ndiwo mankhwala organic. Izi chinadzakhala maziko a zipangizo ndi mankhwala a makampani. Monga mu nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, makampani lolunjika pa lignite ndi malasha, sodium ndi potaziyamu salt, komanso pyrites, onse kupanga ake ndi m'madera a chitukuko.

Ndi reorientation wa gawo lino inasintha yake magwero mafuta. Choncho, mu dera la kumadzulo kwa dera anali malo petrochemical lalikulu, anamanga mu mitsinje ya Rhine ndi mtsinjewu Elbe ndi khoka ndi Rhone. Kudera, makampani mwangwiro pamodzi ndi kuyenga lapansi.

Reorientation a makampani bwanji m'madera a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Pano, pa misewu ndi mapaipi mpweya akhazikitsidwa petrochemical zomera ndi ayenga. The kampani zikuluzikulu za mtundu uwu ali mu Poland, Slovakia, Hungary ndi Czech Republic. Iwo anamanga pamodzi njira ya payipi ndi mafuta lonse, zipangizo kale amawapopa kuchokera ku Soviet Union, ndipo lero - kuchokera Russia.

Komanso, asanayambe 2 nkhondo World kudziwa mlingo wa chitukuko cha makampani mankhwala mu muyeso wa buku munali asidi sulfuric anamasulidwa izo. Panopa chiwerengerochi zimadalira kuchuluka kwa pulasitiki umatulutsa.

Kufalitsa zomera mankhwala

Development wa yachiwiri yaikulu kwambiri makampani vanguard zakunja Europe ndi m'goli. Choncho, wopangidwa Italy ndi England, Germany ndi France kwathunthu kukwaniritsa kufunika kwake zoweta kwa mankhwala, monga, kuwonjezera, ndi Waogula Zinthu Kunja lalikulu. Pankhani maiko Masewerera a Nordic, pa malire awo bwino anayamba yekha kupanga munthu, monga ulimi wa feteleza asafe. Pa nthawi yomweyo ambiri mankhwala yomwe iwo kuchokera kunja.

Pali mayiko ena a ku Ulaya ndi okhazikika okha osiyanasiyana yopapatiza a mafakitale. Mwachitsanzo, mu Switzerland anayamba asatayike, Netherlands ndi Belgium - makampani petrochemical. Koma ngakhale mayiko amenewa limasonyeza pafupi ndi msika dziko ndi exporting kuti 65 peresenti ya ulimi wake.

Koma ambiri a m'mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi wogulitsa lalikulu ulusi yokumba ndi kupanga, mapulasitiki, penti ndi vanishi, asatayike, utoto ndi feteleza asafe. Mu mbali iyi zatsopano ndi akutulukira malonda mankhwala a, kunja kwa United States.

Ngati mukufuna kufotokoza wina wa makampani kunja Europe, m'pofunika bwinobwino zikuchitika wa mankhwala dera derali. M'zaka zaposachedwapa pakhala ndi chizolowezi kuchepetsa imports. Komabe, mu nkhani iyi, wopanda nawo kuphangira ndi American, amene mwachangu kulenga malonda awo mu Europe. ntchito yawo umalimbana chilengedwe cha zatsopano mankhwala.

Energy

Izi yachilendo dera chuma Europe, komanso makampani mankhwala a, lolunjika pa gasi, mafuta. Nkhanizi amapangidwa mu Nyanja North, ndipo kunja kwa Russia ndi m'mayiko osauka. Panopa, panali kuchepa lakuthwa kupanga ndi mowa wa malasha Germany, England, Belgium, Netherlands ndi France. Lathu kwa mafuta lili pamene mbali ya kum'mawa derali. Mwachitsanzo, mu Poland ndi ku Czech Republic, ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha zipangizo za mafuta ndi mphamvu gawo ndi lignite. Chimakhudza zambiri TPP ntchito pano. Ndipo khala akutengedwa osati kuchokera maiwe awo. likutanthauzanji ndi kutula ku madoko lalikulu European.

The madera ndi kapangidwe ka mphamvu ya magetsi m'derali, mukudalira pa mphamvu za nyukiliya. Iwo akugwira kale ntchito Germany ndi Belgium, Czech Republic ndi Hungary, Bulgaria ndi UK, komanso mu France.

The makhwawa a Rhone ndi zomera Danube hydropower kubala magetsi. Komabe, kupatulapo Switzerland, Sweden ndi Norway opangira magetsi mphamvu play, kawirikawiri udindo Kuthandiza. Posachedwapa mtengo PSPs anamangidwa ku Europe yachilendo.

makampani zitsulo

makampani wapanga makampani m'chigawo ngakhale pamaso pa Kubwera kwa luso la zopangapanga. Choyamba, chitsulo ndi zitsulo makampani anayamba m'mayiko amene pali zitsulo mafuta kapena zipangizo. Mayiko amenewa akuphatikizapo Germany ndi France, England ndi Spain, Luxembourg ndi Spain, Czech Republic ndi Poland. Pakutha pa 2 nkhondo World mafakitare waukulu zinamangidwa kapena kukodzedwa m'madera umakhala pafupi madoko. Zimenezi zinachitika chifukwa chakuti lathu pa tanthauzo la zitsulo zotha ndi mkulu amasankha chitsulo miyala.

Pakali pano, kwambiri masiku ano ndi yaikulu mbewu, yomwe ili pafupi ndi doko nyanja, anamanga mu Italy Taranto. Komabe, posachedwapa mini-zimagwidwa anamanga makamaka m'chigawo.

Nthambi yofunika kwambiri yachilendo sanali akakhala zitsulo mu Europe zingaphatikizepo zotayidwa ndi makampani mkuwa. Yopanga zitsulo zotayidwa ali m'mayiko ndi nkhokwe ya bauxite. Izi Italy, ndi France, Romania, Greece ndi Hungary. kupanga imeneyi ndi yomwe ili ku Austria, Germany, Switzerland ndiponso Norway. Palibe zipangizo zake, koma umabala wambirimbiri magetsi.

kupanga mkuwa kuwerenganso France ndi Germany, Poland, England ndi Belgium.

Nkhalango ndi Kuwala Makampani

nthambi zina ziti makampani akhala ambiri anayamba m'chigawo? Mmodzi wa iwo - makampani nkhalango kunja mu Europe. Choyamba, izo chimatsogoleredwa ndi magwero yakeyake zipangizo. N'chifukwa chake makampani ali makamaka bwino yapangidwa Finland ndi Sweden. m'mayikowa - atsogoleri chikhalidwe mu sawmilling ndi matabwa, zamkati ndi pepala zogulitsa kunja.

mwapadera ayenera kukhala makampani kuwala kunja mu Europe. Ndi mu gawo ili ndi anayamba mafakitale lonse derali. Pa pano tsiku, kuwala makampani akunja Europe wataya udindo wake wakale.

Kulemera zofunika derali ndi madera nsalu ngati Flanders (Belgium), Yorkshire ndi Lancashire (England), Lyon (France) ndi Milan (Italy). madera onse kupanga zovala ndi nsapato anaonekera m'ma 19, masiku oyambirira za mafakitale. Iwo yogwira lero. Komabe, posachedwapa mtima kuwala makampani kukondera mu kum'mwera kwa Ulaya. Izi ndi chifukwa nkhokwe kupezeka ndi ntchito wotchipa. Mwachitsanzo, yaikulu chovala fakitale dera akhoza adzatchedwa tsopano Portugal. Italy kuti pakhale angapo nsapato, kuti buku lake ndi yokha China.

Anthu a m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya kusunga miyambo mayiko, amene kupeza mawu kupanga zida zoimbira, mipando, miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi nkhani amapangidwa ndi zitsulo ndi magalasi, zidole ndi zina zotero D..

Mwachitsanzo, Belgium amadziwika mfuti kusaka (Brownings) ndi processing diamondi. Sichangozi pakati dziko malonda mu diamondi lili Antwerp. Mu Liechtenstein, anamanga padziko lonse lapansi ogwira ntchito popanga mano yokumba. mankhwala amagulitsidwa m'mayiko oposa zana.

Kuwala, makampani nkhalango kunja ku Ulaya, ngakhale kuti kusewera otsogolera makampani dera, koma ndi mbali ya chuma chake chonse.