Malemba Achiarabu ndi Zofunika Zake

Chiarabu (alifba m'Chiarabu) consonant (ndiko kuti, makalata okha omwe ali ndi malembo olembedwa) zilembo za alfabeti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chilankhulo cha Chiarabu ndi zina ndi chimodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri zolemba pakali pano. Malembo amakono a Chiarabu ndi zochitika zambiri. Komabe, zilembo za Chiarabu zimachoka kumalo olankhulana, kumene kuli chinenero china.

Chofunika kwambiri cha zilembo za Chiarabu

Makhalidwe a zilembo za Chiarabu:

1. Kulowera kumanzere - kalata imayenda kuchokera kumanja kupita kumanzere.
2. Zolemba zambiri komanso zolembera ndizolemba zolemba, zomwe zinalengedwa kuti zizindikire malembo osiyana kwambiri komanso kupanga zilembo zatsopano.
3. Mtundu wolemba, kulephera kwa "maudindo" ndi makalata akuluakulu. Ndipo zilembo za zilembo za Chiarabu sizinagwirizane: zilembo zina za Chiarabu zimagwirizana ndi ena onse kuchokera kumanzere, kapena kuchokera kumanja.
4. Allography - kusintha mtundu wa makalata. Zimatengera udindo wawo m'mawu - kumapeto, pakati, pachiyambi kapena padera.

Zilembedwe zamakono za Chiarabu zili ndi ma consonants makumi awiri mphambu asanu ndi atatu komanso ma voliki, komanso zizindikiro zolembedwa pamanja monga malemba olembedwa kapena zolembera, zozungulira, zosakaniza m'magulu a alfabeti pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Islam, kapena pozindikira zilembo zinazake zomveka bwino, Kusindikiza molondola kwa mau a Qur'an Yoyera.

Mbiri ya kulemba kwa Chiarabu.

Mu sayansi, akukhulupirira kuti kulembedwa kwa Chiarabu kunachokera pa kalata ya Nabate (zaka zachinayi BC BC - zaka za zana loyamba AD), koma sikoyenera kusiya mwambo wakale wa kulembedwa kwa Siriya, komanso kugwirizana kwa malemba a makalata opatulika Bukhu "Avesta".

Motero, Arabiya adawonekera musanayambe chipembedzo chonyenga monga Islam. Ku Soviet Union, kulembedwa motsatira kalata ya Chiarabu kunaletsedwa mu 1928 ndi lamulo la CEC ndi Council of People's Commissars, ndipo olemba a Aarabu a masiku ano adatsutsidwa. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kupatulapo Tatar SSR, kusinthidwa kwa zilembo zachiarabu ( alifbe ) ndi zilembo za Chilatini ( yanalif ) sizinachititse kutsutsa. Malingana ndi chiŵerengero, pafupifupi asanu ndi awiri pa zana a anthu padziko lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito malemba achiarabu.

Chiarabu: tanthauzo lake lonse

Chiyankhulo cha Chiarabu (Baibulo la Chiarabu la اللغة العربية, lowerengedwa monga al-luġa al-arabiya) ndilo chinenero cha nthambi ya a Semitic ya banja la chiAfro-Asia. Chiwerengero cha okamba m'chinenero chomwe amapatsidwa ndi pafupifupi 300 miliyoni (monga chinenero choyambirira), ndipo pafupifupi anthu mamiliyoni makumi asanu akugwiritsa ntchito Chiarabu monga chinenero chachiwiri polankhulana. Chiarabu choyambirira - chilankhulo cha Qur'an Yoyera - chikugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse muzipembezo ndi mapemphero achipembedzo ndi okhulupirira a Islam padziko lonse lapansi (chiwerengero cha Asilamu ndi pafupifupi 1 miliyoni ndi theka biliyoni). Kuyambira kalelo, zakhala zikuoneka ngati nthambi yofunikira komanso yosiyana.

Chidziwitso cha Chiarabu

Chiarabu chamakono chamakono chinagawidwa m'magulu asanu a zilankhulo, mwazofunikira, ndizo zinenero zosiyana kuchokera ku lingaliro lalingaliro:

• Zilembo za Maghreb.
• Mawu a ku Sudan-Aigupto.
• Anthu a ku Iraq ndi Mesopotamiya.
• Gulu lachiyankhulo cha Arabia.
• Magulu a zilankhulo za ku Central Asia.

Chilankhulo cha Maghreb ndi chakumadzulo, ena ku gulu lakummawa la zilankhulo za Chiarabu. Zilembo za Chiarabu zili pagulu m'maiko makumi awiri ndi awiri akummawa, zomwe zimapatsa udindo wake payekha ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maofesi a boma ndi makhoti.

Koran monga maziko a Arabica

Mu nthano zachiarabu, Allah wamkulu adalenga makalata ndikuwapatsa Adamu, kubisala kwa angelo. Mlengi wa kalata ya Chiarabu nthawi zina amawoneka kuti sangathe kulemba ndi kuwerenga mneneri Muhammad, kapena wothandizira wake.

Malingana ndi chikhalidwe cha Chiarabu, chilembo cha Arabiya chimapangidwa mumzinda wa Hira, mzinda waukulu wa Dakhmid, ndipo ukuwonjezeka pakati pa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, ndi zolemba zoyambirira za Koran (651).

Qur'an (kuchokera m'Chiarabu amatembenuzidwa monga Qur'an - kuwerenga) ikhoza kutulutsidwanso pansi pa mutu wa Bukhu Loyera kapena Mawu Odala. Lili ndi machaputala khumi ndi anayi osagwirizana (pa Arabic). Suras, nayenso, amapangidwa ndi mavesi (ndime) ndipo akukonzekera kutsika kwa ayah.

Mu 631 AD. Asilikali-chipembedzo cha Arabiate Caliphate chinakhazikitsidwa, ndipo chilembo cha Chiarabu chikufalikira ponseponse, ndipo pakali pano akulamulira Middle East. Likulu la Arabic linguistics linali Iraq (mzinda wa Basra ndi Kufa).

M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri, wokhala ku Basra Abul-Aswad-ad-Duali adawonetsa zolemba zina za chiarabu pofuna kulemba ma vowels amphindi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Nasr ibn-Asym ndi Yahya ibn-Yamara anakhazikitsa zizindikiro zozizwitsa zosiyanitsa ma graphemes omwewo.

M'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, wokhala mumzinda wa Basra, Al-Khalil ibn Ahmed adalimbikitsa kulemba ma vowels apang'ono. Machitidwe ake afikira nthawi zamakono ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polemba malemba a Qur'an, malemba olingana ndi aphunzitsi.

Malemba Achiarabu ndi Zofunika Zake

Zitsanzo zodziwika kwambiri za arabica ndi mawu otsatirawa:

• الحب - chikondi;
• Mtundu - chitonthozo;
• السعادة - chimwemwe;
• الازدهار - ubwino;
• فرح - chimwemwe (zokondweretsa);
• الأسرة - banja.

Malemba achiarabu omwe amasuliridwa m'Chisipanishi amapezeka mosavuta m'mabuku otanthauzira aphunzitsi. M'Chiarabu, pali malemba ambiri oyambirira (kuchokera m'Chiarabu, chilankhulo "line"), chofunikira kwambiri ndi:

• Nams (نسخ "kukopera"), amavomerezedwa kukhala chilembo cha Chiarabu ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa typographical set;
• Nastalik makamaka ulemu ku Iran, komwe kuli Islam ya Shiite kutsogolera;
• Magribi (mayiko monga Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia);
• Kufi (Arabic Arabic, كوفي, kuchokera ku dera la mzinda wa Kufa) - asayansi amaona kuti ndizolemba zakale kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta komanso zokondweretsa.

Malemba Achiarabu omwe ali ndi kumasulira

Tiyeni tiwone zitsanzo zina za mawu Achiarabu. Malemba achiarabu ndi tanthawuzo lawo m'Chisipanishi nthawi zonse amapatsidwa ndi kulemba kwa matchulidwe olondola.

Zolemba zosiyana za Chiarabu

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, zolemba za Chiarabu zakhala zikuyambira-njira ya malembo olowera kumbali, mbali zonse zomwe mfundozo sizinalembedwe. Pali lingaliro lomwe kalata ya Chiarabu inakhudza maonekedwe a masiku ano olemba machitidwe achidule ndi kulemba.

Manambala ambiri a chinenero cha Chiarabu angathenso kufotokozedwa ndi zochitika zake ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. M'chizunguliro cha Maghreb kulembera, akatswiri ena adapeza mphamvu ya Berber-Libya, mosiyana "nastalik" - cholembedwa cha Avestan kulemba.

Makalata ofotokozedwa kwambiri a zilembo za Chiarabu amalandiridwa makamaka ku Central Asia, kumene, mwinamwake, ankadziŵa zolembera za Chinese za Shanfang-dazhuang, komanso zida za Tibetan pakba zolemba. Zambiri zolembera zinakhudza zilembo zachiarabu. Zithunzi za arabica zingapezeke zonse m'nkhaniyi komanso m'mabuku apadera.