Gentry - izi ndizo. Mtsogoleri ndani? Mbiri Yachidule ya Szlachta

Ojambula m'mabuku a mbiri yakale a Henrik Sienkiewicz nthawi zambiri ankakumana nawo motere monga "gentry". Tanthauzo la mawu amenewa, sizinali zochokera nthawi zonse. Tiyeni tipeze chimene dzina lopatsidwa likutanthauzanji, komanso taganizirani mbiri ya chodabwitsa chotchedwa dzina ili.

Kodi mawu oti "gentry" amatanthauzanji?

Mawu awa mu Rzeczpospolita amatchedwa gulu lolemekezeka.

Ndipotu, dzina limeneli lingaganizidwe kukhala lofanana ndi mawu akuti "olemekezeka", "olemekezeka". Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo szlachta ndi chodabwitsa chapadera, choyimira cha chikhalidwe cha Polish. Kuphatikizanso apo, kudali m'mayiko oyandikana nawo (Czech Republic, Slovakia) ndi omwe maiko omwe kale anali mbali ya Commonwealth (Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine).

Etymology

Liwu la Chirasha "gentry" linachokera ku dzina lachi Polish la szlachta. Iyenso, mwina, inakhazikitsidwa kuchokera ku mawu achijeremani akuti Schlacht (nkhondo, nkhondo).

Zimakhalanso zachilendo kuti "kholo" la "olemekezeka" linali liwu lakale la Chijeremani Slacht, kutanthauza "mtundu, mtundu."

Ndi yani mwazinthu izi zomwe ziri zolondola sizikudziwika. Makamaka kuyambira umboni woyamba wa leymology wa mawu omwe akukambidwawo umapezeka kokha m'ma 1500. Pa nthawi yomweyi, lingaliro lomwelo linayambira zaka mazana anayi m'mbuyomo.

Kodi wolemekezeka ndani?

Ngati szlachta ndi dzina lofala kwa anthu olemekezeka, ndiye kuti woimira payekhayo amatchedwa "wolemekezeka" kapena "wopatsa" (ngati anali mkazi wobadwa bwino).

Poyambirira (ngakhale panthawi ya kukhalapo kwa Ufumu wa Poland) anthu wamba akhoza kupeza ulemu pa ntchito zothana nawo (mwa njira, chotero chiyambi cha nthawiyo). Choncho, m'zaka zoyambirira zapitazo, apolisi a ku Poland anali pafupi kwambiri ndi udindo wawo ku European knights.

M'kupita kwa nthawi kunakhala kovuta kwambiri kukhala wolemekezeka, ngakhale mosasamala za zofuna zake zaulemerero pa nkhondo. Panthaŵi yomweyi, pafupifupi mbiri yonse ya kukhalapo kwa szlachta, oimira ake anali ndi udindo wotsutsana ndi dzikoli.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale a ku Poland, m'zaka za m'ma XVI-XVIII. Panali mitundu yoposa khumi ya mavitamini. Iwo anagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana: kale, mu chuma, pamaso kapena ponyamula malaya, nthaka kapena anthu osauka, poyambira, ndi malo okhalamo, ndi zina zotero.

Ngakhale kuti pali mitundu yambiri, anthu amitundu yonse amakhala olemekezeka kwambiri. Choncho, ngakhale anthu osauka kwambiri anali opanda ufulu ndi maudindo kuposa odyera bwino kwambiri.

Olemekezeka ambiri a Rzecz Pospolita anali osawuka, chuma chambiri cha aristocrat anali ulemu wake i godnośc (ulemu ndi ulemu). Kuwateteza iwo, ngakhale wolemekezeka kwambiri wolemekezeka akhoza kutsutsa wolemera wolemera.

Pali lingaliro lolakwika kuti onse olemekezeka anali kwenikweni Akatolika. Ichi ndi nthano, ngakhale kuti funso lachipembedzo linali lofunika kwambiri kwa Rzeczpospolita, pakati pa olemekezeka ake anali oimira zipembedzo zosiyanasiyana zachikhristu.

Mbiri ya maonekedwe a gentry

Tikaganizira kuti mawu akuti "gentry" akutanthawuza chiyani, ndi bwino kumvetsera mbiri ya zochitika izi.

Ankhondo oyambirira-olemekezeka anawonekera m'zaka za zana la 11. Monga tanenera kale, adalandira udindo wapamwamba woyenera usilikali. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti panthaŵi imeneyo munthu aliyense angapeze udindo wapamwamba wa zochitika za usilikali. Ndipo lamulo ili linaperekedwa ngakhale kwa akapolo.

Chifukwa cha lamuloli m'zaka za zana la XI. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha olemekezeka anawonekera, pamene analibe zida ndi malo, pokhala pa chitetezo cha boma.

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1200. Gentry ndi malo ogulitsa malo. Kuchokera nthawiyi, anthu a ku Poland omwe anali olemekezeka anayamba pang'onopang'ono kuti adzichepetse okha ku machitidwe onse a moyo wa boma. Choncho atalandira malowa, kwa zaka makumi ambiri iwo adakhala akapolo a amphawi, akuchotsa midzi ya kumidzi ndi boma.

Mkhalidwe ndi anthu a mizinda sunali wabwinoko. Popeza kuti aborgeois amtendere anali anthu amtendere, osalowerera nawo nkhondo zankhondo zamuyaya, anthu olemekezeka anawaletsa kukhala ndi ufulu wokhala ndi nthaka. Komanso, olemekezeka nthawi zonse ankapereka msonkho kwa anthu okhala mumzindawu ndipo ankalowerera mwachangu pazochitika zawo zonse. Chifukwa cha ichi, mafakitale a boma sanachite bwino.

Ufulu waufulu

Pochita zinthu ndi "gentry" ndi "gentry" amatanthawuza, ndi bwino kuphunzira za lingaliro limeneli ngati "demokarasi yachangu" kapena Złota Wolność (Golden Liberty).

Chofunika cha dongosolo lino la ndale (lomwe linakhazikitsidwa mu Ufumu wa Poland, ndiyeno linafalikira ku Rzeczpospolita) linali kuti pafupifupi wolemekezeka aliyense adalowa mu boma la boma.

Ngakhale kuti mfumuyi inali pampando wa dzikoli, ndiye yekhayo amene anasankhidwa ku Ulaya. Ndipo iye anasankhidwa ndi Sejm (nyumba yamalamulo yomwe ili ndi anthu olemera kwambiri, omwe amafanana ndi nduna zamakono zam'dziko muno ku United States), ndipo pafupifupi olemera onse olemera akhoza kunena malo a mfumu, mosasamala kanthu kalelo kalelo.

Mfumu ya ku Poland inasankhidwa kuti ikhale ndi moyo, koma szlachta anali ndi ufulu womulamula kuti azimutsutsa (rokosh) ndikuchotsa munthu wosavomerezekayo kuntchito yake. Kuphatikizanso, membala aliyense wa Seimas anali ndi ufulu wovota, choncho malamulo ambiri ku Commonwealth sanatengedwe ndi mfumu, koma mwachinsinsi.

Ngakhale kuti ukupita patsogolo, ufulu wa golide unali ndi mbali zolakwika. Mwachitsanzo, mikangano nthawi zonse ndi kulimbana kwa olemekezeka olemera kwambiri pa mphamvu. Pa chifukwa ichi, kumapeto kwa zaka za XVIII. Dzikoli linafooka moti linagonjetsedwa ndi mayiko atatu oyandikana nawo: Ufumu wa Russia, Austria ndi Prussia.

Kuchepa ndi kutha kwa szlachta monga kalasi

Rzeczpospolita atasiya kukhalapo m'zaka za zana la 18, gawo lalikulu la mayiko ake linagonjetsedwa ndi Ufumu wa Russia. Akuluakulu atsopanowa anafika pakufunika kuti awononge akuluakulu achi Russia. Koma anthu a ku Poland omwe anali olemekezeka anali ambiri (pafupifupi 7 peresenti ya chiŵerengero cha Poland, pamene ku Russia - 1%).

Kuchepetsa nambala yake, m'zaka za m'ma 1900. Mu ufumuwu, malamulo okhwima osiyanasiyana adayambitsidwa, akufunikanso kuchokera ku chitsimikiziro kuti chitsimikiziro cha kalembedwe ka mtundu wovomerezeka. Komabe, si onse olemekezeka omwe angathe kusonkhanitsa mfundo zonse zofunika. Chifukwa cha izi, pafupifupi theka la iwo adatembenuzidwira ku gulu la anthu wamba.

Kusokoneza maganizo koteroko kunapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri ayambe kuuka, zomwe zinangowonjezera mavuto omwe kale anali nawo.

Zakachitika mu 1917 ku gawo la ufumu wakale wa Russia ndi Commonwealth ya Polish-Lithuanian, kuyesedwa kunayesedwa kubwezeretsa olemekezeka monga kalasi ndikubwezeretsanso ufulu ndi ufulu wawo wakale. Komabe, izi sizinachitike, ndipo mu 1921 maudindo omaliza a olemekezeka ku Poland, Ukraine ndi Western Belorussia anachotsedwa, monga momwe nyumbayo inakhalira.