Chapakati Russia. Cities ku Russia

Chapakati Russia - ndi zovuta yaikulu interregional. Pachikhalidwe, mawu akunena kwa gawo gravitating kwa Moscow, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi Moscow, ndipo kenako boma Russian.

General thandizo

History of chapakati Russia, ndilo maziko a mtundu wathu, anayamba ndi mapangidwe Muscovy mu zaka XIII-XV, chifukwa cha kaphatikizidwe fiefdoms anthuwo. M'mizinda, dera ladzala ndi kamangidwe kake, m'mbiri komanso kalembedwe zipilala ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi. Ku dziko lonse ndi kunja ndi chodziwika golide mphete - mzinda wakale wa ku Russia: Sergiev Posad, Rostov ndi Pereslavl, Kostroma, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Bogolyubovo, GUS Crystal, Gorokhovets, Kalyazin, Kideksha, Moore, Paleh neri Al. Gold mphete chimakwirira m'madera monga Moscow, Iaroslavskaia, Vladimir, Ivanovskaia, Kostroma. mzinda wakale wa ku Russia amadziwika zamanja awo zapadera luso. Mwachitsanzo, Fedoskino, Palekh Holuy ndi otchuka lacquer kakang'ono, Gzhel - ziwiya zadothi, Zhostovo - utoto trays, Abramtsevo - nkhuni m'mbale, Khotkovo - fupa kusema, pos. Mstera - lacquer ankapenta ndi ruching, pos. Red-pa-Volga - zodzikongoletsera zopangidwa ndi mkuwa, mkuwa, siliva, Rostov - enamel (enamel kakang'ono kupenta).

magawo a chitukuko

Mapangidwe a dera ili zagwira chitukuko mbiri ndi malo chuma komanso malo. Chigawo chapakati cha Russia lili ku zigwa ndi watersheds wa Dnieper, ndi Oka, ndi Volga ndi Western Dvina, iye anali ndi udindo wabwino kwambiri pa mapangidwe boma. Chifukwa njira mtsinje amalankhulira ndi zigawo malire, komanso ndi maiko oyandikana. Chapakati dera la Russia - ndi chimake cha chikhalidwe dziko, motero kuthetsa wa anthu Russian m'madera ena.

Mu magawo oyambirira a chitukuko cha anthu izo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito chuma m'deralo zachilengedwe monga zitsulo, malasha, nkhuni, miyala, mchenga, mchere, dongo, peat ndi ena. Apa izo zinayambira akakhala zitsulo ndi zokhomakhoma, kupala matabwa, kupanga mchere, ceramic ndi galasi, zovala, ofufuta zikopa ndi makampani nsapato. Mu Soviet Union, atatu mphamvu okwerera opangira magetsi zinamangidwa mu dera pa Volga, ndi kupopa yosungirako magetsi inamangidwa Sergiev Posad. Komanso, mu magulu a atumwi wotsiriza m'dera Kaluga unayamba kugwira ntchito yoyamba nyukiliya magetsi, ndipo patapita zaka 20-30, chigawo chapakati cha Russia anapambana awiri kwambiri mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera - in lina la Tver ndi Smolensk zigawo.

Anthu a m'dera

Chapakati District wa Russia - ndi dera kumene iwo anapanga maziko a anthu Russian. Ndipo lero Russian anthu chimapambana pano. Ndipo kokha la kum'mawa, m'chigawo Volga-Vyatka, moyo Chuvash, Mordovian, Mari. Malinga ndi kalembera anthu imachitika mu 2002, panali anthu oposa 38 miliyoni a ku Caucasus. Pakati pawo: Russian - 34 miliyoni (91%), Ukrainians - 756 000 (1.99%), Chitata - 288 000 (0.77%), ku Armenia - 249 000 (0.66%), Belarusians - 186 000 ( 0,49%), Azeris - 161 000 (0.43%), ndi Ayuda - 103 000 (0.27%). m'mayiko ena zosakwana 0.2%.

The chimake cha zandale ndiponso zamalonda Russia

Mbali yaikulu ya chuma amakono a m'dera anasonkhezeredwa ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: udindo wa zigawo zake constituent ngati zomangamanga chachikulu, maphunziro ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi m'munsi mwa dziko; kupezeka kwa ogwira oyenerera; yabwino chuma komanso malo malo; wotukuka kwambiri maulalo mayendedwe; mphamvu opangidwa zomera mphamvu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana; kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo kunja yaiwisi; mapangidwe m'munsi zitsulo ndi ena. Lero, Central Russia okhazikika mu kupanga mankhwala zovuta kuti amafuna kufufuza kwasayansi ndi ntchito luso. Waukulu nthambi ya specialization ndi zomangamanga, zitsulo, kuwala ndi mankhwala mafakitale. Mosalephera kwambiri ndi sayansi ndi luso ntchito ndi sayansi, komanso maphunziro a luso ndi chikhalidwe. M'zaka zaposachedwapa - alendo ndi ntchito ulendowu.

Makhalidwe a m'madera zachuma

Chapakati dera la Russia zikutanthauza umembala wake zotsatirazi zigawo zachuma: Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Lapansi ndi Central. Taganizirani makhalidwe chuma komanso malo ya aliyense wa iwo. Izi zidzathandiza kuti amvetse udindo wawo lonse osati mu dera komanso dziko lonse.

chigawo Volga-Vyatka

The zikuchokera chigawo ichi madera awa monga chapakati Russia: Nizhny Novgorod ndi Kirov, komanso Republic: Chuvashia, Mordovia ndi Mari El. Malo ndi 263.000 makilomita lalikulu. Volga-Vyatka dera kuyambira mu gawo European dziko lathu, mabeseni a pa Vyatka Mtsinje ndi Volga. malo Geographical pa mphambano ya njanji ndi madzi lalikulu kulumikiza pakati pa dera Volga, ndi Urals, North-West, polenga zinthu kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chuma. Nyengo kotentha chokhala. dera lonse ali ndi nkhalango. The specialization chachikulu cha m'dera - ndi zomangamanga. Komanso, nkhalango ndi makampani mankhwala bwino anakamba. Ife sanafe ndipo anayamba Chotsimikizika zamanja wakale monga Khokhloma kupenta.

Chigawo chapakati Black Lapansi

The zikuchokera chigawo izi zikuphatikiza Belgorod, Voronezh, Makhachkala, Tambov ndi Kursk zigawo. Iwo amakhala ndi mayendedwe yabwino ndi malo ake apadera. Malo ndi 107 zikwi makilomita lalikulu. Pamaso pa madipoziti ndi lalikulu la zitsulo ndi zipangizo simenti zosaphika, komanso malo kwambiri antchito amathandiza kuti chitukuko cha kumabungwe osiyanasiyana onse makampani komanso ulimi. Nyengo kotentha chokhala zone zachilengedwe - steppe ndi steppe, makamaka lathyathyathya mtunda. M'dera lino anaikira magulu yaikulu chernozems, koma ambiri a m'madera akukumana kuchepa kwa chuma madzi.

Main specialization kumatanthauza zitsulo, mankhwala, zomangamanga ndi chakudya mafakitale, komanso ulimi.

chimake

The zikuchokera chigawo ichi ndi: Bryansk, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Moscow, Orel, Smolensk, Tver, Ryazan, Yaroslavl ndi Tula zigawo. Economic ndi malo osiyanasiyana malo - chapakati, kotero n'kopindulitsa mu zoyendera ndiponso m'njira zina. Derali lili ndi malo aakulu a chikhalidwe. Iye si zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, makampani ntchito makamaka pa katundu kunja yaiwisi. Pali nkhokwe ya phosphorite, peat, lignite, miyala ndi mchenga. Main specialization - ndi kutulutsidwa kwa kuipidwa, chosaoneka ndi maso mankhwala zimalira kufufuza kwasayansi ndi ntchito luso. The nthambi zikuluzikulu ndi mankhwala, makampani kuwala kusindikiza ndi makina osiyanasiyana.

Nature derali

Chikhalidwe cha m'dera lino ndi yosiyanasiyana - m'nkhalango kuti steppes. Mu gawo kumpoto kum'mawa kwa dera pali yambiri miyala ya boulders ndipo loams dongo. Iwo anaonekera pa gulu glacier. Pambuyo mthunzi wake ku dera la kumanzere banki ya Oka mtsinje Moscow anali chinyontho kwambiri. malo awa otchedwa Mescherskaya otsika. Kodi paini nkhalango kukula kwambiri. Pa dera la ku Russia ndi nyanja zingapo: Chuhlomskoe, Nero, Plescheevo ndi Galich. Pamodzi malo awa anapanga nthaka yachonde, molemera ukala ndi matope. Kuwonjezera achinyontho, dera ndi kusefukira ufulu zomwe zili: Suzdal, JuR'EVSKIJj ndi Murom. Mu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dera kunayamba Volga Mtsinje, amene amakhala ndi kusefukira kwa madzi ambiri, chifukwa cha chakhumi uwu wa dera Tver yokutidwa chithaphwi. Madzi Akusonkhanitsa otsika awa, nthawi yaitali simungapeze njira. Bryansk dera wakhala wotchuka chifukwa nkhalango zowirira. Kum'mwera kwa dera tichipeza makamaka a steppes.

Pomaliza

Kuti adzimvera, mwina kudziŵika kuti chapakati Russia ndi zovuta yaikulu zinthu interregional ndi kukhazikitsidwa ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko. Yodziwika izi dera yabwino malo chuma komanso malo pakati pa mbali European la Russia. Komabe, ku Central Russia ndi amakhala ndi khalidwe lalikulu - ndi kupanda mwayi kwa nyanja ndi kuchuluka otsika zachilengedwe. Koma iwo kulipidwa ndi moyandikana ndi mafakitale dera lalikulu kwambiri - Volga Federal District, komanso dera gwero kulemera - European North. Komanso, Central Russia limodzi ndi abwenzi malonda yachilendo - Belarus ndi Ukraine.

Dera limeneli ndi anthu ambiri ndipo anayamba latsopano la Russia. Chapakati District wa Russia ndi kwambiri urbanized kwambiri mu dziko. Ngakhale gawo la m'tawuni (80%) ndipo amapereka North-West, koma pa mlingo wa ndende ya anthu okhala m'mizinda ikuluikulu ndiponso malo matauni ndi woyamba mu dziko lonse.