Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa - ndichiyani? History ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa zoyambirira

Pakati pa nthambi za sayansi ndi mankhwala polimbana ndi kuphunzira kwa thupi, kuti ali ndi wapadera malo Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa. Kodi dongosolo thupi, mfundo za mozama ndi udindo zimene - mafunso awa zinafufuzidwanso asayansi otchuka: I. P. Pavlovym, P. K. Anohinym, I. M. Sechenovym. Ntchito yathu, tikambirana magawo chitukuko ndi mapangidwe Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa. Kenako, tione madera kuphunzira njira kagayidwe kachakudya osati thupi, komanso nyama ndi zomera. Komanso apereke zitsanzo kuthandiza kufunika lenileni la sayansi kachitidwe ntchito ziwalo ndi maselo a thupi la munthu kuti chitukuko cha mankhwala ndi kuteteza matenda.

Mbiri ya Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa

Mmodzi wa ofufuza loyamba kuphunzira mbali ya kuwombola zinthu za anthu, ndiye anali tate wa mankhwala - Hippocrates. English dokotala Harvey, amene anakhalako 17, anakhazikitsa mfundo za kayendedwe ka magazi mu dongosolo chatsekedwa Mitsempha ndipo anatsegula makope zokhudza zonse. Chitaliyana wasayansi wasayansi L. Galvani ikuchitika zatsopano, kupeza chikhalidwe cha zikhumbo mitsempha, ndi maziko a Neurophysiology. Izi nthambi ya sayansi pambuyo pake anayamba kuyamika ntchito M. I. Sechenova, V. M. Behtereva, P. K. Anohina. Chochititsa chidwi chopereka kuphunzira ntchito kupuma dongosolo ndi akatswiri: Lavoisier ndi J. Priestley.

Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa malo mu kwachilengedwenso amalanga dongosolo

Mwa kuphunzira mawonetseredwe moyo osati maselo, ziwalo ndi zimakhala, komanso lonse thupi la munthu dongosolo lotseguka zamoyo Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndizosowa m'gulu gululo wapadera - ntchito - nthambi ya zamoyo. Zikuphatikizapo sayansi cytology ndi histology. Alikuchitira kagayidwe kachakudya anachita pa mlingo maselo, ma ndi minofu. Adamtsata embriology Genet kuphunzira kubalana ntchito ndi kufala kwa katundu cholowa. Ndipo potsiriza, chofunika kwambiri ndi ubwenzi pakati pa Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi thunthu, popanda zomwe n'zosatheka kukonza tanthauzo la njira zikuchitika aliyense machitidwe zinchito: wamanjenje, endocrine, magazi, etc ...

Athandiza kuphunzira I. P. Pavlova wa njira m'mimba

The tanthauzo sayansi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa chimene, akhoza mwachidule motere: ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira ntchito moyo wa machitidwe onse mu thupi. zochita amuzolengedwa zimene zimachitika mu kapepala m'mimba anthu, komanso kuti makinawa zonse iwo, akhala amadziŵika ndi otchuka Russian wasayansi I. P. Pavlovym. luso lake fistula wathandiza kuzindikira zinsinsi za zopangitsa mmatumbo. Zikuonekanso anaika mbali ya chimbudzi m'mimba ndi kuphunzira zikuchokera mankhwala madzi chapamimba, kuoneka ngakhale pamaso pa chyme umalowa mu M'mimbamo thupi. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ngati wa chimbudzi.

Ndiyamika wapadera ake mu ntchito zawo mwatsatanetsatane pa nyama, asayansi anapereka wathunthu matenda chithunzi cha ntchito kwa malovu zopangitsa, chiwindi, m'mimba. Chiphunzitso michere foni awo secretory zimakhudza madera malemeredwe unconditioned bongo mu tsinde ubongo.

Wasayansi ukutionetsera neuro-humoral njira ya lamulo la chimbudzi, amene mu 1904 anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize. Research I. P. Pavlova zinali zofunika funso "Kodi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa anthu ndi cholinga chake cha khalidwe kwachilengedwenso a dongosolo lino?".

Tanthauzo lenileni la ntchito I. M. Sechenova

Wanzeru kutsegula kwa adayambitsa chopinga mu mantha dongosolo chapakati Ivana Mihaylovicha Sechenova akutumikirabe monga maziko ongolankhula phunziro la ndondomeko maganizo, zinthu, kulankhula. Scientific m'Malemba waukulu malangizo ubongo bongo maphunziro ndi kutumikira pamaso pa thalamus diencephalon pakati ananyema m'deralo. Malinga ndi maganizo I. M. Sechenova, kusonyeza mbali mu ndondomeko ya walitsa wa njira ochepetsera kugwira mamolekyulu wapadera - timene, apanga mu thupi ndi kudziunjikira mu madzi a m'magazi.

Scientist oyamba anapereka tanthauzo la zimene Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa thupi la wodwalayo. Iwo anali ngati maziko mankhwala mu funso olondola matenda ndi kusankha njira mulingo woyenera wa mankhwala. Chiphunzitso I. M. Sechenova za feedbacks mu ntchito reflex ubongo anali chofunika kwa chilengedwe cha sayansi ya cybernetics.

Lingaliro la machitidwe zinchito

Vital ntchito za thupi la munthu zotsogola otsegula kwachilengedwenso dongosolo umaposa zochita reflex. Wotchuka Russian wasayansi P. K. Anohin anayamba chiphunzitso kufotokoza ntchito yokonza zonse chilengedwe mkati mothandizidwa ndi ziwalo zovuta zokhudza thupi ndi kachitidwe. ntchito yawo mgwirizano amakhala mlingo homeostasis lolingana thupi wathanzi, ndipo malamulo ndi machitidwe zovuta khalidwe. Research asayansi athandiza poyankha funso lakuti, kodi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa a ntchito apamwamba mantha, anatsimikizira I. M. Sechenova kuganizira za udindo wa malo apamwamba a kotekisi oziziritsa kupereka kusankha Zikhazikiko kukwaniritsa zolinga ndi njira kuganiza zochita za anthu.

Mu matupi athu pali machitidwe zinchito za zimatiyika awiri. Woyamba tichipeza zimagwirira zimene zimachititsa yokonza homeostasis kudzera lamulo neurohumoral. Iwo amapereka munthu wabwinobwino shuga msinkhu, zikuchokera ndi madzi a m'magazi, magazi, ndi zina zotero. D. Dongosolo chachiwiri amathandiza moyo thandizo thupi kudzera mogwirizana ndi malo mwa kusintha.

kupuma mkati

Monga tikudziwa tsopano, mfundo za machitidwe kwachilengedwenso zimatiyika pa gulu la nkhani amoyo - maselo, ma minofu ndi organogenic - kuphunzira sayansi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa. kagayidwe pa aliyense wa milingo izi n'chiyani, ndipo monga izo zimachitika - mayankho a mafunso amenewa amapereka mafakitale ntchito.

Choncho, kuganizira Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa sayansi mpweya kuwombola wa selo kupuma, chitetezo chomwe chikumuchititsa thupi ndi oxygen. Iwo ubwera mwa zochita redox ndi zinthu organic selo, umene ndi mphamvu anamasulidwa ndi anapeza mu mawonekedwe a ATP mamolekyulu amene ntchito ndi thupi ntchito kukula kwa minofu ndi chitukuko. Monga mukuonera, njira thupi ndi mbali yofunika ya machitidwe onse kwachilengedwenso pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana bungwe lawo.