Ma kupuma ndi dzuwa. Thupi kupuma ma

Photosynthesis ndi kupuma - njira ziwiri kuti chimayambitsa moyo. Iwo onse zimachitika selo. The choyamba - mu mbewu ndipo ena bakiteriya, chachiwiri - ndi nyama ndi zomera ndi mafangasi ndi bakiteriya.

Tikhoza kunena kuti ma kupuma ndi dzuwa - njira sizilingana ena. Mu gawo, ndi zolondola, kuyambira mu mpweya woyamba chosakanikirana ndi anamasulidwa carbon dioxide, ndipo lachiwiri - M'malo mwake. Komabe, njira ziwiri izi bwino kuposa momwe iwo zimachitika organelles osiyana pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana. zolinga zimene ali ofunikira, nawonso, ndi zosiyana: dzuwa akusowa kwa zakudya, ndi kupuma ma - nyonga.

Photosynthesis: komwe ndi zimenezi zimachitika bwanji?

Izi mankhwala anachita umalimbana kupeza zinthu organic ku zochita kupanga. chofunika ndi pamaso pa otaya dzuwa dzuwa, kuyambira mphamvu yake amachita monga chothandizira a.

Photosynthesis khalidwe la mbewu, tingasonyezere mu aone kuti pali zotsatirazi:

• 6SO ₂ + 6H ₂ O = C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + ₂ 6D.

Ndiko kuti, asanu mamolekyulu wa carbon dioxide ndi nambalayi wa mamolekyulu madzi mu kukhalapo kwa dzuwa mbewu alandire kam'bulu kamodzi ka shuga ndi asanu oxygen.

Ichi ndi chitsanzo zosavuta photosynthesis. Komanso shuga ndi zina akhoza apanga zomera, zovuta kuposa chakudya, komanso zinthu organic kuchokera makalasi ena.

Pano pali chitsanzo cha ulimi wa amino zidulo mankhwala zochita kupanga:

• 6SO ₂ + 4H ₂ O + 2SO ₄ ^2- + 2NO ₃ ^- + 6H ⁺ = 2C ₃ H ₇ O ₂ NS + ₂ = 13 °.

Monga mmene taonera, mamolekyulu sikisi carbon dioxide, mamolekyulu madzi anayi, awiri a ayoni sulphate nitrate ayoni, awiri ndi asanu ayoni wa hydrogen kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu dzuwa akhoza zopezera mamolekyulu awiri cysteine ndi khumi ndi zitatu - oxygen.

Photosynthesis ndondomeko chimachitika organelles wapadera - chloroplasts. Iwo ali ndi pigment wotchedwa chlorophyll, amene amachita monga kuthandiza munthu zochita mankhwala. organelles izi imapezeka mu chomera maselo.

Kapangidwe ka chloroplast ndi

organelle lino lomwe lili ndi mawonekedwe elongated mpira. chloroplast kukula amangoona 4-6 microns, koma ena maselo algae angathe kuonedwa plastids chimphona - chromatophores, amene kukula 50 microns.

Amenewa amanena za organelle dvuhmembrannym. Wazunguliridwa ndi zipolopolo lakunja ndi mumtima. Iwo anapatukana malo ena intermembrane.

Chilengedwe mkati mwa chloroplast lotchedwa "stroma". Lili thylakoids ndi lamellae.

Thylakoids - lathyathyathya chimbale woboola pakati sacs nembanemba, amene ali chlorophyll. Apa ndi pamene dzuwa chikuchitika. Kupita stacks, thylakoids kupanga grana. Number thylakoids pa zobvuta akhoza zimasiyana 3 mpaka 50.

Lamellae - dongosolo kapena zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Iwo kuimira nthambi njira zopezera amene chachikulu ntchito - kupereka kugwirizana pa nkhope.

Mu chloroplasts muli ribosomes awo zofunika kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni ndi DNA yake ndi RNA. Komanso, pangakhale inclusions, wopangidwa mwa zakudya zowonjezera, makamaka wowuma.

kupuma ma

Pali mitundu ingapo ya ndondomekoyi. Kodi anaerobic ndi aerobic kupuma ma. Khalidwe loyamba la mabakiteriya. Anaerobic kupuma ndi a mitundu yosiyanasiyana: nitrate ndi, sulphate, sulfure, chitsulo, carbonate, fumarate. pasukuluyi kulola amayamba mphamvu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya.

Thupi kupuma ma ndi khalidwe zamoyo zina zonse, kuphatikizapo nyama ndi zomera. Iwo ubwera ndi nawo oxygen.

Anthu a zinyama kupuma ma amapezeka organelles apadera. Iwo akutchedwa mitochondria. Zomera monga kupuma ma amapezeka mitochondria lapansi.

masiteji

Ma kupuma kukuchitika mu njira zitatuzi:

1. The kukonzekera gawo.
2. Glycolysis (anaerobic ndondomeko, sikutanthauza mpweya).
3. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni (aerobic siteji).

Gawo kukonzekera

Sitepe yoyamba ndi zinthu zovuta mu dongosolo m'mimba unagwa chosavuta. Choncho, mapuloteni anachokera ku amino zidulo ku lipids - zidulo mafuta ndi glycerol, ku chakudya zovuta - shuga. mankhwala awa amadutsa mu khungu, ndipo kenako - mwachindunji mu mitochondria lapansi.

glycolysis

Iwo kwagona kuti shuga ndi enzymatically lamamatira kuti pyruvate ndi wa hydrogen maatomu. Izi ndipamene ATP (adenosine triphosphate). aone kuti pali ichi tingasonyezere ndondomeko izi:

• C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ = 2 C ₃ H ₃ O ₃ + 4H + 2ATF.

Choncho, m'kati glycolysis wina shuga molekyulu thupi angalandire mamolekyulu awiri ATP.

makutidwe ndi okosijeni

Pa nthawi imeneyi, inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka glycolysis pyruvic asidi enzymatically amachitira ndi mpweya kupanga mpweya woipa ndi haidrojeni maatomu. maatomu izi ndiye kusamutsidwa kwa crista kumene oxidized kupanga madzi ndi 36 mamolekyulu ATP.

Choncho, m'kati kupuma ma kamapangikira okwana 38 ATP mamolekyulu 2 gawo lachiwiri ndi 36 - lachitatu. Adenosine triphosphate ndipo ndicho mphamvu gwero, omwe amaperekedwa ndi mitochondria selo.

Kapangidwe ka mitochondria ndi

Organelles imene kupuma kukuchitika, uko mu nyama ndi zomera ndi maselo a mafangasi. Iwo adzalandira mawonekedwe ozungulira ndi kukula za 1 micron.

Mitochondria monga chloroplasts ndi nembanemba awiri olekanitsidwa ndi danga intermembrane. Kodi mkati nembanemba wa organelle anacemerwa bokosi. Lili ribosomes, kwa mayitirokondiriyoni DNA (mtDNA) ndi mtRNK. The masanjidwewo amapita glycolysis ndi gawo loyamba makutidwe ndi okosijeni.

Nembanemba lamkati makutu anapanga, ofanana ndi zitunda lapansi. Iwo amatchedwa cristae. Apa pali gawo lachiwiri la Mbali yachitatu ya kupuma ma. Pa awo anapanga mamolekyulu kwambiri ATP.

Origin dvuhmembrannyh organelles

Asayansi atsimikizira kuti nyumba yomwe dzuwa ndi kupuma anali chikole ndi symbiogenesis. Ndiko kuti, pamene anali zamoyo zina. Ikufotokoza kuti pa mitochondria, ndipo chloroplasts ndi ribosomes zawo, DNA ndi RNA.