Ketones: mankhwala katundu ndi mtima

umagwirira Organic - sayansi ndi yovuta kwambiri, koma chidwi. Chifukwa mankhwala a zinthu zomwezo mu chiwerengero osiyana zinayendera ndi kulimbikitsa mapangidwe osiyana zinthu katundu. Tiyeni tione pawiri gulu carbonyl amatchedwa "ketones" (katundu mankhwala, maonekedwe, njira ya kaphatikizidwe awo). Ndipo kuyerekeza ndi zinthu zina za mtundu womwewo - aldehydes.

ketones

Mawu amenewa ndi dzina wamba kalasi zachilengedwe organic zinthu, mamolekyulu umene carbonyl gulu (C = O) kumayambitsa ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira awiri mpweya.

Malinga ndi matabwa ake ofanana aldehydes ketones ndi zidulo carboxylic. Komabe, iwo alipo mwakamodzi awiri maatomu C (mpweya kapena mpweya) olumikizidwa kwa C = O.

chilinganizo

Chilinganizo wamkulu kalasi ya mankhwala ndi motere: R ₁ -CO-R _2.

Kuti zomveka kwambiri, monga ulamuliro, kwalembedwa choncho.

Ndi C = O - ndi carbonyl gulu. A _{1 ndi} R R ₂ - ndi mpweya ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira. Mu malo awo akhoza kukhala mankhwala osiyana, koma zikuchokera awo ayenera kukhala mpweya.

Aldehydes ndi ketones

Thupi ndi mankhwala zimatha magulu awa zinthu ofanana kwambiri kwa wina ndi mzake. Chifukwa cha ichi, iwo amaona pamodzi.

chakuti aldehydes muli gulu carbonyl mu mamolekyulu awo. Iwo ngakhale ndi ketones wa njira zofanana kwambiri. Komabe, ngati zinthu C = O Ufumuyo ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira awiri ndiye aldehyde m'modzi yekha, mmalo mwa chachiwiri - a haidrojini atomu: R-NKHA-H.

Mwachitsanzo, chilinganizo cha kalasi zinthu - formaldehyde, koposa chidwi monga formalin.

Kutengera pa chilinganizo CH ₂ O, kuoneka kuti carbonyl gulu lake si kugwirizana ndi wina koma ndi maatomu awiri N.

thupi katundu

Tisanafotokoze kuthana ndi katundu mankhwala aldehydes ndi ketones, muyenera kuganizira zinthu zawo zakuthupi.

• Ketones - ndi zolimba otsika-kusungunuka kapena zakumwa ndi osakhalitsa. Mamembala m'munsi a kalasi mwangwiro kusungunuka H ₂ O ndipo anachita bwino ndi mankhwala ndiponso.
  oimira munthu (mwachitsanzo CH ₃ COCH ₃₎ modziwika sungunuka m'madzi, ndipo mwamtheradi mu kufanana kulikonse.
  Mosiyana ndi alcohols ndi zidulo carboxylic, ketones ndi osakhalitsa wamkulu ndi kulemera chomwecho maselo. Zimenezi kulephera kwa mankhwala awa kulenga kugwirizana ndi H, ngati kungakhale H-NKHA-R.
• losiyanasiyana aldehydes akhoza kukhala mu maiko osiyanasiyana loitanirana. Popeza apamwamba R-NKHA-H - ndi insoluble zolimba. M'munsi - madzi, limene mbali wothira zabwino H ₂ O, koma ena a iwo ali sungunuka m'madzi, koma kenanso.
  Losavuta a mtundu umenewu zinthu - formic aldehyde - mpweya umene uli achilendo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala fungo. Nkhanizi ndi bwino sungunuka H ₂ O.

The ketones odziwika bwino kwambiri

Pali zinthu zambiri R ₁ -CO-R _{2 Komabe,} odziwika a iwo sali kwambiri. Izi makamaka dimethyl ketone, zomwe ife tonse tikudziwa kuti acetone. Komanso mnzake wake zosungunulira - butanone kapena moyenerera watchedwa - methylethylketone.

Pakati ketones zina, katundu mankhwala amene ankagwiritsa ntchito makampani - acetophenone (metilfenilketon). Mosiyana acetone ndi butanone, fungo yokoma kwambiri, ichi ndi chifukwa chake ntchito popanga mafutawa.

Mwachitsanzo, cyclohexanone chikukhudza oimira lililonse R ₁ -CO-R _2, ndi nthawi zambiri ntchito kupanga mankhwala.

Osati kutchula diketones. Mutu wotere ali R ₁ -CO-R _2, zimene si wina koma magulu awiri carbonyl mu zikuchokera. Choncho, chilinganizo awo ndi: R ₁ -CO-NKHA-R _2. Mmodzi wa zophweka kwambiri, koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito makampani chakudya ndi nthumwi diketones, diacetyl (2,3-butanedione).

zinthu izi - chabe yaing'ono mndandanda wa asayansi apanga ketones (zimatha mankhwala zafotokozedwa pansipa). Ndipotu, pali zambiri, koma ntchito zonse zopezeka. The zambiri ndi bwino kuganizira kuti ambiri a iwo ndi poizoni.

The katundu mankhwala ketones

Zinthu za gulu amatha kuchita ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Chimene awo wapadera katundu mankhwala.

• Ketones amatha adzadziphatika H (hydrogenation anachita). Komabe, mankhwala a anachita zimenezi zimafuna pamaso pa catalysts mu mawonekedwe a maatomu zitsulo wa faifi tambala, cobalt, Cuprum, pulatinamu, palladium, ndi ena. Chisoni R ₁ -CO-R ₂ kusintha kwa alcohols sekondale.
  Komanso, mwa kuchita pamaso pa hydrogenous soda zitsulo mapaziwo apangidwa kapena MG glycols analandira kuchokera ketones.
• Ketones ndi chimodzi alpha-hydrogenic atomu amakonda kugwa mchikakamizo cha keto-enol tautomerization. Iwo catalyzed osati mwa zidulo, komanso ndizosowa. Childs, keto mawonekedwe ndi wolimba okha chodabwitsa kuposa enol. mgwirizano Izi zimathandiza kuti lithe ndi ketones ndi hydrating alkynes. Wachibale olimba enol-keto mitundu ya conjugation amatsogolera ndi m'malo amphamvu acidity R ₁ -CO-R ₂ (poyerekeza alkanes).
• zinthu zimenezi akhoza kulowa anachita ndi ammonia. Komabe, iwo zimachitika pang'onopang'ono.
• Ketones anatani ndi asidi hydrocyanic. Izi zimachititsa α-oksinitrily, saponification chimalimbikitsa yatsoka α-hydroxyacids.
• Kulowa kuchita ndi halides alkylmagnesium kumabweretsa mapangidwe a alcohols sekondale.
• Kulumikizana NaHSO ₃ kumathandiza kuti gidrosulfitnyh (bisulfite) ofanana nawo. M'pofunikanso kukumbukira kuti anachita mu mafuta mndandanda amatha okha kulowa methyl ketones.
  Kuwonjezera ketones, ngati anatani ndi hydrosulphite soda ndi mulole aldehydes.
  Pamene usavutike ndi njira ya NaHCO ₃ (soda) kapena asidi mchere, opangidwa kuchokera kwa NaHSO ₃ Mwina kuwola ndinso limodzi ndi kutuluka kwa ufulu ketone.
• Pa zimene, R ₁ -CO-R ₂ ndi NH ₂ HA (hydroxylamine) ndi ketoximes kupangidwa ngati byproduct wa - H ₂ O.
• Mu zochita yokhudza hydrazine anapanga hydrazones (chiŵerengero cha mankhwala ophatikizana - 1: 1) kapena azines (1: 2).
  Ngati analandira chifukwa mankhwala anachita (hydrazone) mchikakamizo cha kutentha angachite ndi hydroxide potassium ndi N kuima osabwereranso kumeneko mpaka zitanyowetsa. Zimenezi amatchedwa Kishner anachita.
• Monga tanenera kale pamwambapa, aldehydes ndi ketones ndi katundu mankhwala ndipo ndi ofanana ndi kulandira ndondomeko. Choncho acetals R ₁ -CO-R ₂ mawonekedwe zovuta kuposa acetals R-NKHA-H. Iwo amaoneka chifukwa cha ketones kuti esters ndi orthoformic asidi orthosilicic.
• Mu mapangidwe ndi woipa apamwamba alkalis (mwachitsanzo, mwa Kutentha ndi H₂SO₄ kuikapo maganizo) R ₁ -CO-R ₂ zagonjetsedwa kwa madzi m'thupi intermolecular kupanga ketones unsaturated.
• Ngati anachita ndi R ₁ -CO-R ₂ lili soda, ketones kukumana aldol condensation. Choncho, anapanga β-keto alcohols kuti n'zosavuta kutaya molekyulu wa H ₂ O.
• Ndithu kwambiri mankhwala katundu zimapezeka mu Chitsanzo ketones acetone anachitira ndi okusayidi mesityl. Zikatero, mfundo atsopano otchedwa "phorone".
• Komanso mankhwala katundu wa thunthu organic monga Leuckart-Wallach anachita, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuchepetsa ketones.

Chifukwa kupereka R1-NKHA-R2

Popeza familiarized ndi katundu wa zinthu mu funso, m'pofunika kudziwa njira ambiri kwa kaphatikizidwe awo.

• Imodzi mwa zochita odziwika bwino kwambiri kwa yokonza ketones ndi alkylation ndi acylation mankhwala onunkhira pamaso pa catalysts acidic (AlCl _3, FeCI _3, zidulo mchere, oxides, resins cation kuwombola, ndi zina zotero). njira Ichi chikudziwika ngati Friedel-Timatheriyali anachita.
• Ketones ali apanga ndi ketimines hydrolysis ndi Vic-diol. Pankhani ya masika liyenela pamaso asidi ndi mchere monga chothandizira a.
• Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kubala ketones homolog wa hydration acetylene kapena monga patchedwa - zimene Kucherov.
• Zochita Guben-Gesha.
• Cyclization Ruzicka oyenera kaphatikizidwe tsikloketonov.
• Komanso, deta thunthu ncho kwa peroksoefirov ukachenjede ntchito Kriege rearrangement.
• Pali njira zingapo kaphatikizidwe wa ketones pa zochita makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa alcohols sekondale. Malinga mankhwala yogwira ali 4 zosiyanasiyana: Swern Kornblum, Corey-Kim ndi Parikh-Doering.

Mbali

Popeza anachita nawo katundu mankhwala ndi kutulutsa ketones ayenera kudziwa kumene zinthu izi amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Monga tanena ambiri a iwo ntchito makampani mankhwala monga solvents kwa lacquers, enamels, komanso kupanga ma polima.

Komanso, R ₁ -CO-R ₂ bwino kutsimikiziridwa monga flavorings. Mwaichi, ketones (benzophenone, acetophenone, etc.) ntchito popanga mafutawa ndi kuphika.

Komanso acetophenone ntchito ndi mbali kwa kupanga ogonetsa.

Benzophenone, chifukwa umatha kuyamwa cheza zoipa - n'kumene wamba mu zodzoladzola ndi antizagarnoy imodzi usawonongeke.

Umakhudza R1-NKHA-R2 kwa thupi

Kuphunzira kuti mankhwala otchedwa ketones (katundu mankhwala, ntchito, kaphatikizidwe, ndi deta zina za iwo), m'pofunika kuti ayanjane ndi makhalidwe zamoyo zinthu zimenezi. M'mawu ena, kudziwa momwe iwo akuchitira pa zamoyo.

Ngakhale ntchito mwachilungamo kawirikawiri R ₁ -CO-R ₂ makampani, m'pofunika kuti nthawi zonse kumbukirani kuti mankhwala amenewa ali kwambiri poizoni. Ambiri a iwo ndi carcinogenic ndi mutagenic.

nthumwi zapadera amatha kuyambitsa kuyabwa kwa nembanemba wa mucous, mpaka amayaka. Alicyclic R ₁ -CO-R ₂ zingakhudze thupi ngati mankhwala.

Komabe, si zinthu zonse za mtundu uwu ndi zoipa. kuti ena a iwo amagwira ntchito mwachangu kagayidwe wa zamoyo kwachilengedwenso.

Ketones - wapadera zizindikiro matenda mpweya kagayidwe ndi insulin akusowa. Mu kusanthula mkodzo ndi magazi pamaso pa R ₁ -CO-R ₂ limasonyeza matenda osiyanasiyana kagayidwe kachakudya, kuphatikizapo hyperglycemia ndi ketoacidosis.