Mapulogalamu. M'zinthu ndi mwayi

China chirichonse ndi ofanana mu ma aligorivimu onse ntchito.

Flowchart mkombero chizindikiro

M'zinthu ndi chizindikiro ndi mawonekedwe flowcharts (ngakhale kuti anali pamwamba kale.) Apa ndi chosavuta bungwe dongosolo.

zofunikira kuti magawo a kuzungulira

M'zinthu ndi magawo amafuna mtundu winawake wa chilengedwe.

• Kauntala ndi malire imeneyi (T. E. Iskh.peremennaya Malire 1 ndi malire 2) ukhale kwa mtundu womwewo deta. Ngati pali ngakhale pakati pa mfundo koyamba ndi womaliza wa gawo ndi variable limati pulogalamu mwina zinthu molakwika chifukwa malire lidzasinthidwa ndi koyamba mtundu chizindikiro deta.

• Mtundu deta kuti ayenera a makhalidwe ndi chizindikiro ayenera kukhala inteja. Iwo ali osavomerezeka ntchito mtundu weniweni.

• Kusintha kufunika mu mphamvu kuzungulira iskh.peremennaya ndi osafunika. Apo ayi, wosuta sangathe mungawononge zolakwa zotheka anaonekera.

• Mosiyana ndi zina m'zinthu, mu Pakuti ... to ... kuchita kapena Pakuti ... downto ... kodi sitepe sizingasinthidwe atakhala ena kuposa 1.

Turbo Pascal: mmene kutuluka ndi kuzungulira

Nthawi zambiri pali mavuto omwe pali kuzungulira, mwachitsanzo. E. matendawa ndi zoona nthawi zonse. Yopuma ndondomeko amathandiza kutuluka kayendedwe ka ndi precondition ndi, postcondition, chizindikiro. E. ntchito yawo kutsazikana asanakalambe.

M'zinthu ndi chizindikiro mu Pascal (mapulogalamu amene ikukhudza "wosatha" chikhalidwe ndi zoona) akhoza anasiya pogwiritsa ntchito Pitirizani. Apa ntchito limayendetsa motere: ndi iteration panopa oyambirira Wamaliza kuphedwa ake, ulamuliro wadutsa ku gulu lotsatira, koma osati kunja kwa kuzungulira.

Kuchoka ndondomeko n'kofunika kuti amalize ntchito ina chipika Mpambo pulogalamu. Ndi chifukwa mkati ndondomeko (ntchito) ndipo nthawi yomweyo, ntchito izi "chidutswa" yomweyo kutsazikana. Ngati Tulukani lili unit chachikulu, ndiye analeka.

Mbuu ndondomeko amachepetsa opaleshoni mfundo zotsatirazi: ntchito zonse pulogalamu ikutha.

Zitsanzo za ntchito chigamulo

wosuta akhala akugwira Nditaphunzira mutu "m'zinthu ndi chizindikiro zitsanzo Pascal 'loyamba kuphunzira kenako amachita kulemba malamulo nokha. zing'onozing'ono kuthandiza mapulogalamu tsogolo kuphunzira chiphunzitso muzichitochito, kenako ntchito labwino. Pa "m'zinthu ndi njira" zitsanzo za mavuto ndi kusankha, mungapeze mosavuta ndi zovuta. Nawa 3 ntchito, zomwe anachita ndi ntchito ndi ma aligorivimu anafotokoza ndi ndemanga kuti chilichonse.

cholinga 1

Popeza awiri ooneka enieni zosiyanasiyana integers mu osiyanasiyana [0..199], anasankha mosintha. Pezani chiwerengero cha onse manambala awiri manambala amene Uwerenge manambala ndi angapo a 2.

The aligorivimu ndi:

1. Pangani dongosolo lomenyera ziwiri ooneka enieni.
2. Chongani nambala iliyonse chifukwa kugwilizana ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

a) ngati 9

b) kusankha wachiwiri manambala chiwerengero ndi kugawa ndi yamakono;

c) n'kutsamira manambala awo allocated;

d) akufufuta anakonzeratu kuchuluka yamakono 2;

e) ngati zotsatira ndi wofanana 0, kauntala ndi incremented ndi 1.

ntchito 2

Anapatsidwa limodzi azithunzi omwe tikunena osiyanasiyana zinthu inteja. Pezani angapo a manambala positive.

The aligorivimu ndi:

1. Pangani mizere ya zinthu yofunika analengedwa ndi randomize.
2. The mkombero chizindikiro kuika mawu makonzedwe NGATI, umene onani zinthu linaperekedwa kukumana chikhalidwe X> 0.
3. Ngati chikhalidwe zimakwaniritsidwa, kauntala ndi incremented ndi 1.
4. Pambuyo kuzungulira ayenera kusonyeza chifukwa mtengo kuwerengedwa.

Data mu zolemba {} ndemanga. Mfundo 11 zikhoza anasonyeza zosiyanasiyana chophimba m'njira ziwiri: kusiya mpata pakati pa manambala kapena kuonetsetsa kuti aliyense mchitidwe nambala inayake ya maselo (zinachitikira 5).

Mu mzere 12, variable kauntala akhoza ziwonjezeke m'njira ziwiri: kaya phindu yapita kuwonjezera 1 kapena ntchito muyezo ntchito Inc.

ntchito 3

Ofunika apakati masanjidwewo. Pezani chiwerengero cha zinthu zabwino zimene ziri zazikulu opendekera.

Kufotokoza:

Zosiyanasiyana manambala waukulu opendekera chochokera kumanzere kupita kumanja pansi. Mbali yapadera ya izo n'chakuti motsogozana ndime zolozera ali ofanana. Choncho, mkombero wina kukonza chokwanira kuchititsa mizere popanda busting zinthu otsala.

The aligorivimu ndi:

1. Pangani bokosi lalikulu.
2. Perekani kwa variable udindo n'kulemba zinthu zabwino, phindu "0".
3. Pangani mkombero kulenga bokosi lalikulu.
4. Konzani zinthu yachinsinsi mkombero: ngati chiwerengero ali waukulu opendekera> 0, ndiye kauntala ndi incremented ndi 1.
5. Pambuyo lotha wa mkombero pa zenera kusonyeza kufunika kwa variable zimene zimasunga chiwerengero cha zinthu zabwino.

Kukangana pakati pa zilankhulo ziwiri mapulogalamu: C ndi Turbo Pascal

Monga ulamuliro, kudzikonda lokhudza mapulogalamu amadziwa zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, zingakhale C ++, Turbo Pascal, Delphi, Java, ndi zina zotero. D. Kukangana pakati pa awiri a iwo anali kutchulidwa mu 80 ntchentche. (C ndi Turbo Pascal). Kumapeto kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri, monga nkhondo unkachitika pakati C ++ ndi Java.

Danga pafupifupi zilankhulo zitatu mapulogalamu khumi, pali atatu chidwi awiri, amene chitsutso kugunda nzeru kwambiri ntchito mwanzeru: Algol 60 Fortran, Pascal, C, Java ndi C ++. Kumene, maganizo amenewa ndi m'maganizo, koma pa nthawi imodzi kapena wina awiri anali mtsogoleri. Ichi chinali chifukwa amafuna makampani ndi kufunika makamaka mapulogalamu mankhwala. Mu 70 ntchentche. "Analamulira dziko" Fortran, mu 80 - Turbo Pascal, mu 90 - C ++. Ndithudi, palibe mmodzi wa iwo "anafa". M'malo mwake, akusinthika mu mankhwala chipangizo mapulogalamu.

Mu kuphunzira zilankhulo mapulogalamu mungaone kuti ena mitu malembedwe ofanana. Choncho, m'zinthu chizindikiro mu C ofanana ndi nyumba ofanana mu Pascal, kupatula zina mphindi.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kutukula wa Turbo Pascal (Old World) anapindula zochitika za American Scientists, pamene mu New World amagwira ntchito zotsatira za khama kafukufuku European. Ku Ulaya, ndi kutukula kuti kulimbikitsa ndi digiri wamkulu wa chiyero ndi compactness m'zinenero mapulogalamu, ndi malingaliro American amafuna zambiri kwa ntchito mumaganiza latsopano-fangled mu kulemba code.