Mayina a ndege. Gulu la ndege, mitundu ndi mitundu

mbiri ndege amadziwa ochuluka zedi zipangizo zouluka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu. maina onse ndege zimavuta Ngakhale mndandanda. Komabe, zitsanzo zofunika chiti ndithu weniweni. Tiyeni tiphunzire kupanga ndege gulu, mitundu, mitundu, maina kuganizira.

dzina

Tiyeni tione pa mndandanda wa mayina a ndege akunja opanga chachikulu kuti afabeti. mndandanda zikusonyeza mmene kampani tsopano alipo ndipo chinathetsedwa:

• Aérospatiale (France).
• Airbus (EU).
• Boeing (US).
• British Azamlengalenga (UK).
• British ndege (United Kingdom).
• Heinkel (Germany).
• Junkers (Germany).
• McDonnell Douglas (USA).
• Messerschmitt (Germany).

Mayina a mu ndege afabeti opangidwa mu USSR ndipo pambuyo Soviet mayiko zili m'munsimu:

• An (Antonov).
• Ndipo (Polikarpov).
• Yl (Iliushin).
• La (Lavochkin).
• LaGG (Lavochkin, Gorbunov, Gudkov).
• Lee (Lisunov).
• MIG (Mikoyan ndi Gurevich).
• Ndi (Polikarpov).
• Cy (youma).
• Lachiwiri (Tupolev).
• Yak (Yakovlev).

Kodi m'kagulu ndege?

Choyamba, tipeze chimene ndi ndege. Mayina a njira youluka angathe kukambirana za zinthu zambiri, koma gulu la adzatiuza zambiri. Monga ndegeyo zimagawidwa? Kodi pa magawo zotsatirazi:

• kumaloku;
• liwiro;
• Mwa injini;
• kutayipa injini;
• kutayipa galimotoyo;
• kulemera;
• chiwerengero cha mapiko;
• fuselage kukula;
• mtundu wa kasamalidwe;
• mawonekedwe zofunika.

Tsopano tidzakhalanso tikambirane zina mwa mfundo zimenezi mwatsatanetsatane.

Gawo ndi cholinga

Amaona ambiri. Pakuti chizindikiro ichi, ndege onse deyalsya mu mitundu iwiri lalikulu asilikali ndiponso anthu wamba. Komanso, aliyense wa magulu awa eni kugawikana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.

Malinga ndi ntchito yeniyeni ya warplanes wachinsinsi mu magulu awa pachimake: yoponya mabomba, interceptor ndege, omenyana mpweya, ndege kuukira, zombo asilikali zoyendera womenya-zoponya mabomba ndi anzangawo.

The Aviation Civil zipangizo ndege ali m'magulu awa: galimotolo zaulimi, mayendedwe, positi, experimental, etc ...

zoponya mabomba

The yoponya mabomba ntchito ndi kugonjetsa zolinga za amene ali pansi. Iwo amagwiritsa ntchito mabomba ndi mivi.

Tsopano tiyeni tipeze mayina a ndege zankhondo. Pakati yoponya mabomba amatha kusiyanitsa zitsanzo ngati opanga m'banja: Lamulungu 24, Lachiwiri 160, SU 34. Pa Chachiwiri World nkhondo anali wapadera mbiri m'banja yoponya mabomba Pe-2. Koma woyamba kutchedwa wotchuka "Ilya Muromets" - kulengedwa kwa mlengi kwambiri Igorya Sikorskogo. Limeneli liyenera anavula kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mlengalenga mwamsanga 1913. Mu First World nkhondo nyengo izo n'kukhala yoponya mabomba. Ndege "Ilya Muromets" ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa Civil nkhondo.

Mwa magalimoto lachilendo kuwasiyanitsa ano zoponya mabomba American Northrop B-2 Mzimu, XB 70 Valkyrie, Rockwell B-1 Lancer, B-2, B-52 Stratofortress, US anapanga ndege 30s Boeing B-17 ndi Martin B- 10 German zoponya mabomba pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, Junkers Yehu 86 ndi Heinkel Iye 111.

omenyana

Ntchito yaikulu mwa zipangizozi ndi kuwononga ndege ndi zinthu zina mu mlengalenga.

Mayina ozimitsa katswiri pa zochitika nkhondo, nayenso, adzati kwambiri. Ambiri amadziwika Soviet chitsanzo cha nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse - lagg-3, I-15 bis, Mig-3, I-16, I 153, Yak-1. M'nyengo chimodzimodzi ndi anapambana dziko kutchukitsa German Bf.109 ndege, Bf.110 ndi Fw 190 komanso zotakasika Me.262, Me.163 Komet ndipo Iye 162 Volksjager.

Pakati omenyana Union Patapita nthawi ikhale MiG 31, Lamulungu 27 ndi MiG 29. Panopa kumwamba ladzala ndi ndege zamakono Russian. maina awo odziwika mu ndege luso. Mbadwo uno ozimitsa 4 ++ Lamulungu 35 ndi MiG 35.

Contemporary zitsanzo American zigwire loyamba m'badwo womenya mu chiwerengero dziko asanu Boeing F 22, komanso chitsanzo kale F-4 ndi F-15 Mphungu.

Womenya-yoponya mabomba

Iwo kuphatikiza ntchito ya magulu oyamba awiri a ndege ife tafotokozeramu. Ndiko kuti, kuononga monga mipherezero mpweya ndi nthaka.

Woyamba womenya-zoponya mabomba amaonedwa German Me.262, kusinthidwa chitsanzo cha womenya British Supermarine Spitfire, De Havilland udzudzu, ndi Soviet Yak-9.

Pakati pa masiku ano ndege ndege ayenera kuonetsetsa zoweta MiG-23b ndi Lamulungu-17M ndi MiG 27 ndi chitsanzo American F-105.

interceptors

Iwo ali subspecies osiyana ozimitsa, cholinga kuwononga zoponya mabomba mdani. Mosiyana womenya ndege ochiritsira, ndi okonzeka ndi zida zamphamvu Rada.

Mwa Soviet interceptor kudziwika ndege maina awa: SU 15, SU-9, Lachiwiri 128, Yak 28, Mig 25. zitsanzo American angathe kukonzedwa F 16 ndi F 14 Grumman. Komanso dziko wotchuka Japanese ndege Mitsubishi F-2 ndi interceptor British Panavia mphepo yamkuntho ADV.

stormtroopers

ntchito yawo ndi kuthandiza magulu nthaka ndi mpweya.

Wotchuka World nkhondo II-nyengo kuukira ndege amaona ndege IL-2 ndi IL-10. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ofanana ndi mdani zida ntchito HS 129 ndi Yehu 87. Pakati kuukira ndege zamakono ayenera allocated dzina SU 25 ndege, F / A-18, A-10.

magalimoto ankhondo zoyendera

Ntchito yaikulu ya usilikali zoyendera ndege ndi yobereka katundu wa asilikali komanso ogwira.

Ndege la kalasi iyi, amene panopa pa ntchito ya Russian Federation onyamula Mphamvu ndi IL 76, AN-26, AN 124 ndi AN-12. Pakati analogues American ayenera kuonetsetsa Douglas YC 15, Boeing C-17, Boeing C-97 ndi Boeing E-8.

ndege zonyamula

Review wa Civil Aviation zitsanzo amayamba ndi iwo. Mtundu wa magalimoto mpweya, monga dzina lake likunenera, cholinga kunyamula anthu.

Kupanga ndege yoyamba inali yonyamula anthu wamba ankaona onse m'nyumba imodzi "Ilya Muromets" omwe anatembenuzidwa m'tsogolo pansi yoponya mabomba a. kuwuluka Kwake koyamba ku St. Petersburg ku Kiev ndi okwera sikisitini anapanga mu 1914.

The yonyamula otchuka kwambiri kwa moyo ndegeyo imatengedwa kuti ankapoperamo American Douglas DC-3 ndege anapanga ndege yoyamba kumbuyo mu 1935. zosintha zosiyanasiyana ntchito lero. Mwachitsanzo, Soviet chimake la ndegeyo anali Li-2.

Pamwamba ndege yoyamba anatchula. Mayina a mpikisano waukulu pa msika wa ndege zonyamula - Boeing ndi Airbus.

"Boeing"

The kampani American Boeing anabwerera mu lakutali 1916. Kuyambira pamenepo wakhala zotsimikizira ndege, makamaka ndege boma, ngakhale palinso asilikali zoyendera chitsanzo. Mayina wotchuka wa makampani mwakwera ndege - Boeing 737, Boeing 747, Boeing 747-8, Boeing 777 ndi Boeing 787.

Woyamba zitsanzo pamwambapa anamasulidwa mu 1968, ndi tsiku, ndi yaikulu kwambiri ya ndege zonse anthu. Boeing 747 opangidwa chaka chotsatira, ndi mpainiya mwa ndege widebody. Boeing 747-8 - mwakwera ndege kutalika kwambiri. Iye anamasulidwa mu 2010. Today kumsika ndi yaikulu ndege zonyamula Boeing 777 Tizitha misa opangidwa kuchokera 1994. Lachitsanzo zatsopano za bungweli pa mphindi - Boeing 787 2009 chaka cha chilengedwe.

"Airbus"

Monga tanenera kale, odana waukulu Boeing mu dziko msika ndi European wopanga Airbus, ofesi chapakati ili mu France. Idamangidwa zambiri pasanafike odana ake American - mu 1970. Mayina otchuka ndege kampani - A300, A320, A380 ndi A350 XWB.

Anamasulidwa mu 1972, A300 ndi woyamba lonse thupi ndege pa injini awiri. Pa A320 mu 1988 kupanga loyamba waya mtundu wa kasamalidwe wakhala ntchito dziko. A380, amene anawomberedwa kumwamba kwa nthawi yoyamba mu 2005, ndi kukula mu dziko lapansi. Iye akhoza kutenga pa bolodi anthu okwana ake 480. Kukula zatsopano ndi A350 XWB. Ntchito yake yaikulu inali kupikisana ndi kale anamasulidwa Boeing 787. Ndipo ndi ntchito bwinobwino uzigwirizana ndi yonyamula, obohodya mdani wakeyo mwa mawu a dzuwa.

The Soviet ndege zonyamula

Pa mlingo yabwino ndipo anayimiridwa mwa Soviet makampani mwakwera ndege. Ambiri mwa zitsanzo za - ndi ndege "Aeroflot". Mayina a zopangidwa lalikulu Lachiwiri, Il, An ndi Yak.

Woyamba m'banja ndege yonyamula adzamasulidwa mu 1955, a Lachiwiri 104. Lachiwiri 154, oyambirira-kutali umene unachitika mu 1972, imatengedwa kwambiri chachikulu Soviet wagawo mpweya anthu. Lachiwiri-144 1968 lachitsanzo chaka chapeza udindo lodziwika bwino monga yonyamula yoyamba, yomwe anatha kuthyola phokoso chotchinga. Iye sakanakhoza kufika imathamanga mpaka 2.5 zikwi. Km / h, ndi umboni izi kwa nthawi athu kumenyedwa. Pa nthawi, kugwira ntchito chitsanzo lomaliza la yonyamula mwakuchita Tupolev Design Bureau, ndi Lachiwiri-204 1990 lachitsanzo chaka, komanso kusinthidwa wa Lachiwiri-214.

Mwachibadwa, kupatula Lachiwiri pali ndege zina "Aeroflot". Mayina a ambiri otchuka: IL 18, IL 114, IL 103, An-24, An-28, Yak-40 ndi Yak-42.

Ndege m'mayiko ena

Kuwonjezera pa pamwamba, pali zitsanzo zapadera ndi opanga ena a ndege anthu.

British yonyamula De Havilland nyenyezi linatuluka mu 1949, ndi loyamba mu mbiri ya dziko ndege yonyamula. Kudziwika anapeza Franco-British Concorde yonyamula, cholinga mu 1969. Iye anapita mu zikomo mbiri chakuti ndi wachiwiri bwino kuyesa (pambuyo Lachiwiri 144) kupanga supersonic ndege anthu. Ndipo komabe izi ndege pankhaniyi lapadera, ngati palibe wina anali wokhoza kumasula oyenera misa yokumba yonyamula, amatha kuyenda mofulumira kuposa phokoso.

onyamula

Waukulu cholinga zoyendera ndege ndi mayendedwe a katundu pa ataliatali.

Pakati pa makina a mtundu m'pofunika tisonyezeni zitsanzo Western wa mwakwera ndege kusinthidwa pansi zosowa zoyendera: Douglas MD-11F, ndi Airbus A330-200F, ndi Airbus A300-600ST ndi Boeing 747-8F.

Koma koposa zonse kupanga zoyendera ndege wakhala wotchuka Soviet, ndipo tsopano Chiyukireniya Antonov Design Bureau dzina lake. Amalima Jets kuti zonse kumenya mbiri dziko kudzagwira ntchito: AN-22, 1965 (mphamvu - 60 m), Ru 124 1984 (mphamvu - matani 120), AN-1988 225 ga (253 zimatengera pa bolodi, 8 m). Latest chitsanzo limabweretsa silinakwaniritsidwe wosweka mbiri payloads. Komanso, anakonza ntchito yonyamula Union danga yoyenda "Buran", koma ntchito yomanga sadatsatire, ndi kugwa kwa USSR.

Latsopano la Russia, onse si choncho duwa ndi mayendedwe ndege. Mayina a ndege Russian ali motere: IL 76, IL-112 ndi IL-214. Koma vuto ndi kuti IL 76 opangidwa lero anayamba m'nyengo Soviet mu 1971, ndipo ena akukonza zoti kuyamba chabe mu 2017.

ndege ulimi

Pali ndege, amene ntchito monga wolunjika minda ndi mankhwala, herbicides ndi mankhwala ena. Mtundu wa zida ndege otchedwa munda.

Kuyambira zitsanzo Soviet zipangizo izi kudziwika kwa U-2 ndi AN-2, amene chifukwa cha ntchito yeniyeni Anthu ambiri lotchedwa "chimanga".

Unit Liwiro

Kuwonjezera gulu la ndege zolinga zina zimene tinaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane pamwamba, pali mitundu ina ya masanjidwe. Izi zikuphatikizapo gulu la ndege liwiro. Pamaziko a ndege ali m'magulu awa: subsonic, ndege transonic, supersonic ndi ndege hypersonic.

N'kosavuta kuzindikira kuti ndege subsonic anasamukira pang'onopang'ono phokoso. Transonic ndege zouluka pa liwiro pafupi Sonic, supersonic kugonjetsa phokoso chotchinga, ndipo hypersonic upambana chithunzi ichi nthawi zoposa zisanu.

Pa mphindi, ndi yachangu mu dziko ndi experimental hypersonic makina ku US X-43A mu 2001. Iye akhoza kudzuka mofulumira 11.200 Km / h. Lachiwiri, compatriot wake X-15, anali imabwereranso mu lakutali 1959. Liwiro 7273 Km / h. Ngati ife kulankhula osati za zida za experimental, koma ndege amene kugwira ntchito yeniyeni, ndiye pali Championship pa SR-71 American, akhoza kukhala liwiro ndi kutseka 3530 Km / h. ndi supersonic MiG 25 ayenera allocated mwa magalimoto zoweta. mlingo wake pazipita liwiro angafikire ku 3000 Km / h.

Galimotolo ndege zinthu liwiro ali zikuipiraipirabe. Today chikalata awiri okha supersonic yonyamula: zoweta Lachiwiri-144 (1968) ndi Franco-British Concorde (1969). Choyamba mwa zinthuzi ndi kukhala ntchito mkulu-liwiro mpaka 2.5 zikwi. Km / h, amene ali ndi mbiri ya ndege boma, koma ndege ya paudindo zonse ndi chabe malo chakhumi. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti pa nthawiyo palibe mmodzi wa yonyamula supersonic, amene wakhala ntchito kuyambira kugwiritsa ntchito Lachiwiri 144 anakana ngakhale kumbuyo mu 1978, ndipo ntchito Concorde anaimitsidwa mu 2003.

Hypersonic ndege zonyamula sanakhaleko. Koma tsopano pali ntchito zingapo, zoweta ndi achilendo kapangidwe maudindo kwa kupanga ndege hypersonic. Pakati pawo, wotchuka kwambiri pokhala ZEHST European. ndegeyo amatha kuthamanga mpaka 5.0 zikwi. Km / h, koma nthawi ya chilengedwe chake bwinobwino. Mu Russia, pali awiri ntchito imeneyi - Lachiwiri-244 ndipo Lachiwiri-444, koma pa nthawi iwo ali onse zii.

Mitundu ina ya gulu

Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa injini ku ndege kumeneko kuyambira one- kuti dvenadtsatidvigatelnyh.

Malinga ndi mtundu wa ndege injini ali m'magulu zotsatirazi: ndi galimoto magetsi, pisitoni, turboprop, ndege, roketi, komanso makina ndi injini pamodzi.

Ndi mtundu galimotoyo gulu la ndege yotsatira: mawilo ski, hovercraft, crawler, zimatengedwa, amphibian. Mwachibadwa, ambiri ali ndege galimotoyo matayala.

Pakulemera konse kwa ndegeyo anawagawa superlogkie, magalimoto kuwala, sing'anga kulemera ndege, olemera ndi wapamwamba katundu.

Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mapiko motsogozedwa kuchepetsa chiwerengero chawo, ndege anawagawa polyplane, triplane, biplanes, monoplanes ndi polutoraplany.

Palinso gulu malinga ndi kukula kwa fuselage kuti: osakwatiwa-kanjira ataliatali thupi.

Management mtundu gulu ndege ogaŵikana magalimoto zinakhazikitsa ndi opanda mlengalenga.

Chosemedwa onse ndege kudzachitika wolemera zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awa: ofukula kudzachitika wolemera, yopingasa ndi waufupi.

zosiyanasiyana

Ife tikudziwa kuti ndi gulu la mitundu ndege, mitundu, maina komanso anafufuza. Monga mukuonera, izo zikusonyeza ochuluka zedi a zanyengo ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, omwe specifications osiyana kwambiri. Dziko la ndege kwenikweni mosalekeza, ndi ndemanga sadzapulumuka kufotokoza zonse kumbali yake.

Komabe, maganizo onse, kupereka pa nkhani imeneyi akhoza kufotokoza ndege wotchuka m'gulu nkhaniyo. Mitundu ndi maina, ngakhale nambala yawo ikuluikulu, akadali kwenikweni bungwe njira zina pofuna kufotokozera akamanena za nkhaniyi.