Mfundo "kutenga kapena kulipira": akamanena, mbiri ya ntchito lero

Kubverana ogulitsa zazikulu ndi ogula mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mavuto zotheka. Pakati pawo ndi zinthu zofala pamene inu simungathe kugulitsa zinthu zonse wopita mogwirizana ndi Kulipira mmodzi wa zipani kwa mgwirizano. Izi anamasuliridwa mu awiri ndalama zofunika pa. Pofuna kupewa Zikatero zingapo za mapangano kotunga mankhwala (kawirikawiri mtengo ndi lalikulu zedi), mfundo linkadziwika kuti "kutenga kapena kulipira". Kodi zikutanthauza, chimene icho chiri, ndipo kodi limagwirira izi? Kodi ndi kaya nthawi zonse? Limeneli muphunzira ndi kuwerenga nkhaniyi.

Akamanena za mfundo ya

Chikhalidwe cha "kutenga kapena kulipira" ( "kutenga kapena malipiro") ndi limagwirira wamba lalikulu, kuphatikizapo mabungwe lonse. Amakhala mu zotsatirazi: pa mapeto a mgwirizano pa ntchito yobweretsa ndalama anavomera pa zinthu zofunika ndi wogula kuganiza ntchito zina. Woyamba ndi kuonetsetsa kuti pa nthawi imene anapereka mgwirizano, pazipita kuchuluka kwa katundu mogwirizana ndi makonzedwe choperekedwa ndi onsewo pa mabuku a. The chachiwiri - kulipira nambala inayake mankhwala, kaya anali kwenikweni anagula m'nthawi zogwirizana.

Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe "kutenga kapena kulipira"

Kugwilitsila nchito mfundo kuchepetsa chiopsezo zomvetsa ndalama chifukwa kulephera buku anakonza malonda mankhwala. Ngakhale wogula akana kuti agule katundu mu pazipita kuchuluka (anakonza mgwirizano), iye ayenera kulipira mtengo wonse. Izi zikhoza kuonedwa chifukwa cha kulephera kutsatira zinthu mgwirizano. Chilengedwe malonda kumatchedwa mfundo ya "kutenga kapena kulipira". Ngati limagwirira kuchepetsa chiopsezo si ntchito, katundu kuti kuphatikizapo mu mitengo chilinganizo.

Nkhani ya mfundo ya "kutenga kapena kulipira"

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, dongosolo mgwilizano nyumba pakati pa gulu mgwirizano okwanira unayamba mu mochedwa 50 ntchentche wa XX atumwi mu Netherlands. Iwo anali wolumikizana ndi chitukuko wa Groningen mpweya kumunda, zimene zinaonetseratu kuti ntchito mtengo kwambiri, adamfunsa ndalama pagulu zomangamanga zoyendera ndi kupanga mafuta. Anakhala ndalama zofunikira kubwerera ndipo akhoza nayo njira imodzi yokha - kuonetsetsa ndi kotunga mosadodometsedwa mabuku lalikulu mpweya ndi malipiro yonse. Apa anatulukira mfundo mwakhama ntchito lero "kutenga kapena kulipira".

State wa Netherlands ali mapangano yaitali anamaliza. Iwo kupereka pazipita kuchuluka kwa katundu amene counterparties alonjeza kugula patatha ena. Ngati iwo anakana kutsatira mawu, ndiye inu kulipira chindapusa. Pa nthawi, m'modzi mwa otsatira wotchuka kwambiri mfundo imeneyi ndi Russian kampani "Gazprom".

Ngati chikhalidwe sachiza: chitsanzo omveka

"Gazprom" timakhala ake ndi China ndi zibwenzi European mwachangu amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya "kutenga kapena kulipira". Akaidi ambiri ndi mapangano intergovernmental pa katundu mpweya ali ndi mawu a zaka 25 kapena kuposa. Kawirikawiri chirichonse ntchito zabwino, koma pamene panali kulakwitsa.

Terms of mgwirizanowo pangano walemba pa mfundo imeneyi ndi kampani Czech RWE Transgas, akhala linaphwanya. Wogula anakana kugula mafuta mu pazipita kuchuluka limene linaperekedwa ndi mgwirizano ndi sanafune kupereka chindapusa. Chifukwa cha litigation (mogwirizana ndi kuphwanya mfundo ya "kutenga kapena kulipira") "Gazprom" anali woluza. Vienna chigamulo Court anazindikira lamanja la kampani Czech kusankha mpweya zosakwana zotchulidwa mawu a mgwirizano, popanda kulipira chilango chilichonse.

Ulili kusakhutira pakati pa abwenzi lonse

Ngakhale kuti mfundo ya "kutenga kapena kulipira" ntchito mwakhama mfundo za katundu wa makampani Russian, kampani ambiri mobwerezabwereza anasonyeza kusakhutira ndi iwo. Mikhalidwe choopsa cha zimenezi mayiko a kotunga mpweya sanali, makamaka Italy ndi Chiyukireniya zibwenzi.

Choncho, kampani Eni a anaopseza kuti "Gazprom" kukana kutambasuka kwa mgwirizano, ngati mfundo ya "kutenga kapena kulipira" sati amachotsedwa madalitso ake. Kukwiya ndi anzanga Italy akhoza kumvetsa, chifukwa chifukwa shortfalls mu mpweya izo anataya 1.5 biliyoni. Yuro (2009-2011).

Chiyukireniya Anzawo anasonyezanso madandaulo. Choncho, malinga ndi mgwirizanowo, "Gazprom" kuti "Naftogaz" (kale isanafike 2019) anapereka kwa kotunga mpweya ku Ukraine kuchuluka kwa biliyoni 52. Kiyubiki mamita pa chaka. 2013 Kugwiritsa anzanga akadandaule 27 okha biliyoni. Kiyubiki mamita. Pankhaniyi, kampani kulipira osachepera 33 biliyoni. Kyubu. meters, komanso zilango zotheka arrears kuchuluka kwa madola biliyoni..

Akatswiri ena anenapo kuti nthawi ya ulamuliro wa zimenezi ndi zinthu zimenezi kuyeza pang'onopang'ono ikutha. Izi nkhawa osati Russian "Gazprom" komanso mabungwe ena padziko lonse. Kodi chidzachitika, nthawi yokhayo adzakuuzani.

Pomaliza

Mfundo "kutenga kapena kulipira" angatchedwe ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri kuchepetsa chiopsezo zomvetsa ndalama. Kwa ogulitsa izi ndi mwayi kugulitsa katundu wawo wonse, ndipo mwinamwake kuchepetsa zomvetsa ku "nedozakupok". Koma kunapezeka si onse ogula chikhalidwe ichi ndi koyenera kuti moyo (ndi angakwanitse). Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira mfundo kwambiri okhwima ndi kuneneratu kukana tanthauzo lake. Mulimonsemo, komabe ntchito (ngakhale ndi zopinga), ndipo makampani amakhutira kwambiri ndi boma la zochitika.